Kai harin yakin duniya na II: Soviet, American, English, Jamus

A cikin gaba da raya da yakin duniya na biyu da muka sarrafa da dama, harin. Duk sun daban-daban fasaha halaye, amma shi ya kasance daidai da muhimmanci ga rundunansu. Rike da yawa ƙasa ayyukan zama ba zai yiwu ba, ko musamman rikitarwa ba tare da saka bom dabarun hari na abokan gaba.

"Heinkel"

Daya daga cikin Heinkel Ya kasance da babban da ya fi na kowa Luftwaffe kai harin 111. A duk akwai 7.600 irin wannan inji. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance gyare-gyare da kuma torpedo hari da jirgin sama. Tarihi na aikin ya fara da cewa Ernest Heinkel (shahararren Jamus jirgin sama) yanke shawarar gina fi sauri jirgin saman fasinja a duniya. A ra'ayin da aka haka m cewa ta m game da yadda sabon shugabancin siyasa na Nazi Jamus, kazalika da masana'antu kwararru. Duk da haka, Heinkel ya tsanani. Ya umarta da zane na na'ura Gunter 'yan'uwa.

A farko samfur da aka shirya a shekara ta 1932. Da ya gudanar ya doke sa'an nan-gudun records a cikin sama, akwai wani undeniable nasara da farko dubious aikin. Amma wannan ma ba Heinkel Ya 111, amma kawai ta gada. Fasinja jirage sun sha'awar a cikin sojojin. Wakilai daga cikin Luftwaffe sanya farkon halittar soja gyare-gyare. Farar hula jirgin sama ya juya a cikin wannan azumi, amma a lokaci guda mai m m.

A farko yãƙi motocin bar su hangars a lokacin Spanish yakin basasa. Aircraft samu da Tuli "Condor". A sakamakon su aikace-aikace hadu da Nazi shugabanci. Aikin da aka ci gaba. Daga baya Heinkel Ya 111 amfani a Yammacin Front. A lokacin da Blitzkrieg a Faransa. Mutane da yawa maƙiyi kai harin yakin duniya na II ya hanya zuwa Jamus jirgin sama a bayani dalla-dalla. Babbar gudun yarda su riske abokan gaba da kuma kubuce bi. Hare-haren da farko ya fallasa zuwa hadahada da kuma sauran muhimman dabarun wurare a Faransa. M iska goyon baya yarda da Wehrmacht da aiki yadda ya kamata a kan ƙasa. Jamus harin sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga nasarar Nazi Jamus a lokacin farko na yakin duniya na biyu.

"Junkers"

A 1940 Heinkel fara hankali maye gurbinsu da more zamani Junkers Ju 88 ( "Junkers Ju-88"). 15,000 daga wadannan model aka yi har na tsawon aiki aiki. Su indispensability ya versatility. Matsayin mai mulkin, da kai harin na yakin duniya na biyu da aka yi nufi ga wani qayyadadden dalili - harin bom na kasa hari. Tare da "Junkers" duk abin da ya daban-daban. Yana da aka yi amfani da matsayin dan kunar bakin waken, torpedo m, bincike da kuma dare saman soja.

Kamar yadda a lokacinsa "Heinkel" Wannan jirgin sama kafa wani sabon gudun rikodin, kai 580 kilomita awa. Duk da haka, samar da "Junkers" fara latti. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin da yaki ya shirye su kawai 12 motoci. Saboda haka, a farko mataki na Luftwaffe amfani da farko Heinkel. A 1940, da Jamus soja masana'antu, karshe samar da isasshen sabon jirgin sama. A rundunar fara juyawa.

A farko tsanani gwajin ga Ju 88 ya fara a yakin kasar Birtaniya. A lokacin rani da kaka na 1940 da Jamusanci jirgin sama kokarin tukuru don kama da iska a kan Ingila, birnin da aka bamai da kuma Enterprises. Ju 88 taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan aiki. Birtaniya kwarewa ya yarda da Jamusanci zanen kaya don ƙirƙirar da dama gyare-gyare na model, wanda ya rage shigewa. raya saka inji bindigogi da kuma wani sabon Matuka jirgin makamai da aka maye.

By karshen yakin Birtaniya da Luftwaffe samu wani sabon canji, yana da wani ƙarin iko engine. Wannan "Junkers" samu kawar da duk baya shortcomings, kuma ya kasance ya fi karaya Jamus jirgin sama. Kusan duk harin yakin duniya na II ya canja a ko'ina cikin rikici. Sun samu kawar da karin siffofin an sabunta da kuma samun sabon fasali. A wannan rabo ya kuma Ju 88. Daga farkon aiki da suka yi an yi amfani da matsayin nutse m, amma airframe ba zai iya kai da yawa kaya, bayar da irin wannan harin bom yanayin. Saboda haka, a 1943, da model da ikon yinsa aka da ɗan canza. Bayan wannan canji, da matukan jirgin sun iya sake saita da bawo a wani kwana na 45 digiri.

"Pawn"

A jerin Soviet m "Pe-2" shi ne mafi m, na kowa (ƙãga game da 11 000 raka'a). "Pawn" da aka kira da Red Army. Shi ne mai classic twin-engine m, tsara dangane da model "VA-100". A farko jirgin na wani sabon jirgin sama sanya a watan Disamba 1939.

Bisa ga rarrabuwa da zane, "Pe-2" mallakar nizkoplanam low-reshe. A fuselage ya kasu kashi uku compartments. A gida ya zauna navigator da kuma matukin jirgin. A tsakiyar ɓangare na fuselage ya free. A wutsiya gida da aka tsara don harbi, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin rediyo sadarwarka ayyuka. A tsarin da ya samu a manyan Gilashin motan - duk harin yakin duniya na II sun kasance a bukatar mai fadi Viewing kwana. Wannan jirgin sama ne na farko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet samu lantarki iko da daban-daban sunadaran. The kwarewa wani gwajin, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa tsarin yana da yawa rashin. Saboda wadannan inji ne sau da yawa maras wata-wata konewa saboda da lamba na tartsatsi da kuma fetur vapors.

Kamar sauran Soviet jirgin sama na yakin duniya na biyu, a lokacin da Jamus m "Pawns" mun fuskanci kalubale da dama. The sojojin ya nuna a sarari unprepared ga m hari. A lokacin farko kwanaki na Operation "Barbarossa", da yawa filayen jiragen saman da aka hõre hare-haren da makiya da jirgin sama, da kuma kayan aiki, wanda aka adana a cikin rumfar ajiye jiragen sama da aka halaka ko kafin su yi lokaci don yin akalla daya sortie. "Pe-2" ba a ko da yaushe amfani ga manufar da aka nufa (ie, a matsayin nutse-m). Wadannan jirgin sama sukan sarrafa a wani rukuni. A irin ayyukan da bom daina zama wani batu da kuma samun unsighted idan umurnin harin bom yi wani "master" ƙungiya. A farkon watanni na yaki, "Pe-2" kusan dived. Yana da alaka da rashin sana'a ma'aikata. Kawai bayan da wani ta hanyar jirgin makaranta recruits dauki da dama taguwar ruwa, da jirgin saman ya iya bayyana ta da cikakken m.

M Pavla Suhova

Kadan na kowa ne wasu m - "Su-2." Ya aka bambanta da babban kudin, amma a lokaci guda kuma ci-gaba da fasaha zuwa tsirar. Yana da aka ba kawai wani Soviet m, amma godiya ga mai kyau Viewing kwana, da kuma wani manyan bindigogi spotter. Aircraft Paul Dry cimma ta kara da gudun juna canja wuri zuwa ciki dakatar da bama-bamai, located ciki da fuselage.

Kamar dukan jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II, "Su" dandana duk vicissitudes na da wuya sau. Bisa ga ra'ayin Sukhoi m aka gaba daya sanya daga karfe. Duk da haka, akwai wani m karancin aluminum. Saboda wannan dalili, wani m aikin da aka taba aiwatar.

"Su-2" su ne mafi m, a kwatanta da sauran Soviet soja jirgin sama. Alal misali, game da 5000 sorties aka za'ayi a 1941, da Air Force rasa 222 m (shi game da daya hasara a cikin 22 manufa). Shi ne mafi kyau nuna alama daga cikin Soviet. A kan talakawan deadweight asarar zambar daya da jirgin sama, tare da 14 tasowa, wanda shi ne 1.6 sau mafi kusantar.

The ƙungiya kunshi mutane biyu. A iyakar kewayo ne daidai da 910 kilomita, da kuma gudun a cikin iska - 486 kilomita awa. A maras muhimmanci mota iko ne 1330 horsepower. A tarihin na yin amfani da "crackers", kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da sauran model, cike yake da misalan da exploits na Red Army. Alal misali, ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1941 matukin jirgin Elena Zelenko sanya ramming maƙiyi jirgin sama "Ni-109", ya tauye shi na fukafukinsa. Pilot kashe, da kuma navigator fitad da daidai da ta tsara. Da shi shi ne kawai aka sani idan akwai wani mai battering rago a kan "Su-2."

"Il-4"

A 1939, akwai dogon zangon-m, wanda ya sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga Soviet nasara a kan Jamus a cikin Great Patriotic War. Da shi shi ne "Il-4", ɓullo karkashin jagorancin Sergei Ilyushin OKB-240. Yana da aka asali da aka sani da "DB-3." Da zarar jirgin sama da aka kaddamarda "Il-4" a watan Maris 1942, wanda ya zauna a cikin tarihi.

Model "DB-3" tana da yawan shortcomings cewa zai iya zama m, a wurin yaƙi da abokan gaba. A musamman, da jirgin sama ya sha wahala man fetur leaks da kuma fasa a cikin man fetur tank, gazawar da braking tsarin, shasi lalacewa da sauransu. D. A wannan na'ura, da matukan jirgin, ko da kuwa su horo ne ƙwarai, da wuya a ci gaba da takeoff Hakika a lokacin dagawa a cikin iska. Tsanani kalubale ga "DB-3" ya zama Winter War. Finns gudanar ya gano da na'ura "matattu" zone.

Gyara kurakurai fara bayan kammala yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ko da yake da tilasta taki na jirgin sama gyare-gyare, don farkon mai girma Patriotic War ba duk-sababbin "Il-4" da aka kare daga cikin disadvantages na baya model. A lokaci na farko da Jamus m, a lokacin da tsaro masana'antu da sauri kwashe zuwa Gabas kuma, ingancin kayayyakin (ciki har da jirgin sama) muhimmanci rage. The inji ba da wani autopilot, duk da cewa ta ko da yaushe ya cika har a banki ko ɓatattu. Bugu da kari, cikin Soviet m samu misaligned carburetors, saboda wanda akwai wuce kima sharar gida na man fetur, da kuma saboda haka rage tsawon na jirgin.

Kawai bayan nasara a quality na yaki "Il-4" da aka kula inganta. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta maido masana'antu, kazalika da aiwatar da sabon pans jirgin sama injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya. A hankali, "Il-4" ya zama wata babbar Soviet dogon zangon-m. Yana tashi a cikin shahararrun matukan jirgin da kuma Heroes na Tarayyar Soviet Vladmir Vyazovsky Dmitry Barashev, Vladimir Borisov, Nikolai Gastello, da dai sauransu ...

"Battle"

A karshen 1930s. Fairey sufurin jiragen sama Company ya tsara wani sabon jirgin sama. Sun kasance sũ ne guda-engined kai harin amfani a Air Force of Great Britain da kuma Belgium. Total manufacturer sanya fiye da dubu biyu daga wadannan model. Fairey Battle aka yi amfani ne kawai a mataki na farko da yaki. Bayan lokacin ya nuna da gazawar a kwatanta da Jamusanci jirage, dan kunar bakin waken da aka janye daga gaban. Daga baya sai aka yi amfani da matsayin horo jirgin sama.

Babban disadvantages na model su ne: m, iyaka a zangon da m zuwa anti-jirgin sama wuta. A karshen fasalin da aka musamman hallakaswa. Battle buga mafi sauran model. Duk da haka, shi ne wani dan kunar bakin waken na wannan model ya lashe farko UK m nasara a cikin iska a lokacin yakin duniya na II.

Tara makamai zarcewa (bisa bam load) 450 kg - yawanci shi ne kunsa na hudu 113-kg fashewar bama-bamai. Bawo sa a kan na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa lifts, retractable fuka-fuki a cikin alkuki. A fadowa a hatches (sai dai harin bom a nutse) sake saita lokaci bam. A wurin da aka sarrafawa da navigator, dake a cikin kokfit ga matukin ta kujera. Aircraft tsaron gida makamai hada da na'ura gun "Browning", wanda ya kasance a dama reshe na da mota, kazalika da wata na'ura gun "Vickers" a raya Matuka jirgin. Popularity m ne saboda wani muhimmin al'amari - ya kasance mai sauƙi ga rike. Daga piloting mutane sun jimre da m jirgin hours.

"Marauder"

Amurkawa sun shagaltar da alkuki na wani twin-engine matsakaici m Martin B-26 Marauder. A farko jirgin sama na wannan jerin kasance a cikin iska a karon farko a watan Nuwamba 1940, a kan Hauwa'u na yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan watanni da dama na aiki na farko B-26 ya bayyana VB-26B gyara. Ta samu waye makamai kariya, sabon makamai. Karuwan jirgin sama wingspan. Wannan ya yi domin ya rage gudun da ake bukata domin saukowa. Sauran gyare-gyare bambanta ƙara kwana na kama takeoff da kuma ingantattun halaye. A total for shekaru na aiki da shi ya samar da fiye da 5,000 jirgin sama na wannan model.

A farko fama ayyukan "marauders" ya faru a watan Afrilu 1942, a cikin sama da New Guinea. Daga baya, 500 daga wadannan jiragen sama da aka kaisu zuwa Birtaniya domin Ka taimaka-Lease shirin. A gagarumin yawan su yi a cikin fama a arewacin Afirka da kuma Rum. B-26 ya yi ta halarta a karon a cikin sabon yankin manyan aiki. Kwana takwas a jere da aka kai harin bam da na Jamus da kuma Italian dakaru kusa da Tunisiya garin Sousse. A lokacin rani na 1943 guda B-26 da suka sashi a cikin hare-hare a kan Roma. Aircraft bamai hadahada da kuma Railway mararraba, haddasa tsanani lalacewar da ababen more rayuwa na Nazis.

Saboda nasarar American motoci amfani da ƙara a bukatar. A marigayi 1944, da suka halarci kangewa da Jamusanci counteroffensive a Ardenniskih duwãtsu. A lokacin da wadannan m fadace-fadace da aka rasa 60 B-26. Wannan asara ba zai yiwu ba ga lura, kamar yadda Amirkawa kawota zuwa Turai, kuma da na su jirage. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, "marauders" ba hanya zuwa ga mafi zamani "Douglas» (A-26).

"Mitchell"

Wani American matsakaici m ya da B-25 Mitchell. Shi ne mai twin-engine jirgin sama tare da tricycle saukowa kaya dake a cikin gaba sashe na fuselage da wani bam kaya na 544 kilo. Kamar yadda tsaron gida makamai "Mitchell" samu wani matsakaici-zamo kamar inji bindigogi. Suna located in wutsiya da kuma hanci da jirgin sama, kazalika ya na musamman da windows.

A farko samfur da aka gina a 1939, a Inglewood. Movement of jirgin engine ikon bayar da biyu a kan kowane daga 1100 horsepower (daga baya suka maye gurbinsu da more iko). An domin samar da "Mitchell" aka sanya hannu a cikin watan Satumba 1939. A kawai 'yan watanni, masana sun yi wasu canje-canje a cikin jirgin sama tsarin. An gaba daya redesigned ta gida - yanzu biyu direbobi iya zama a kusa da kusanci da juna. A farko samfur na fuka-fuki ne a kan saman fuselage. Da zarar kammala, suka koma dan kadan m - a tsakiyar.

A jirgin sama zane, sabon sealing man fetur tankuna da aka gabatar. The ƙungiya samu inganta kariya - ƙarin makamai farantin. Irin m zama da aka sani form B-25A. Wadannan jirage dauki bangare a cikin sosai farko yaƙi da Japan bayan da furucin da yaki. Model tare da wata na'ura-gun turret aka mai suna da B-25B. Makamai suna hannun wani sosai sabon a lokacin da wutar lantarki drive. B-25B da aka aiko zuwa Australia. Bugu da kari, su ne tunanin da hari a kan birnin Tokyo a 1942. "Mitchells" sayi Army na Netherlands, amma wannan tsari da aka lalace. Duk da haka, da jirgin sama har yanzu tafi kasashen waje - a Birtaniya da kuma Tarayyar Soviet.

"Havok"

Easy American m Douglas A-20 halaka jirgin sama shi ne wani ɓangare na iyali, wanda kuma ya hada da wani ƙasa hari da dare saman soja. A lokacin yakin da inji wannan model bayyana a cikin da dama sojojin, ciki har da Burtaniya da ma Tarayyar Soviet. Kai harin samu da Turanci da sunan The halaka ( "halaka"), t. E. "devastation".

A farko wakilan wannan iyali da aka yi umurni da US Army Air Corps a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1939. A sabon tsarin yana da wani turbocharged injuna wanda ikon ne 1700 horsepower. Duk da haka, da aiki ya nuna cewa sun sanyaya kuma AMINCI matsaloli. Saboda haka, duk hudu jirgin sama da aka samar a cikin irin wannan sanyi. Wadannan inji da sabon injuna (ba tare da turbo). A karshe, a cikin bazara na 1941, da Air Corps samu ta farko shirye-m A-20. Its makamai kunshi hudu inji bindigogi saka a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin hanci na na'ura. A jirgin sama ya iya amfani da dama bawo. Ga shi an samar da 11-kilogram laima fragmentation bama-bamai. A shekarar 1942, wannan model ya bayyana gyara Gunship. Ta yi wani modified Matuka jirgin. A wurin da suke bauta scorer, an maye gurbinsu da wani baturi na hudu bindigogi.

Back a 1940, da US Army Ya yi umurni da dubu mafi A-20B. New gyara bayyana bayan an yanke shawarar samar da wani "halaka" more iko da kananan makamai, ciki har da ƙarin nauyi inji bindigogi. 2/3 na jam'iyyar da aka aika zuwa Tarayyar Soviet ga Ka taimaka-Lease shirin, yayin da sauran zauna a Amurka da sabis. Mafi taro gyara ne A-20G. An saki kusan dubu uku daga wadannan jiragen sama.

Great bukatar "halaka" da iyaka ɗora Kwatancen shuke-shuke da "Douglas". Its shugabanci ko canja wurin da lasisi domin samar da "Boeing" zuwa gaban iya samun kamar yadda da yawa jirage dai zai yiwu. Farms bayar da wannan kamfanin, ya karbi wasu lantarki da kayan aiki.

"Sauro"

Tare da versatility De Havilland Sauro a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu zai iya jayayya kawai Jamus Ju-88. Birtaniya zanen kaya sun gudanar ya halicci m, wanda shi ne saboda ta high gudun ba a bukata a cikin m makamai.

A jirgin sama ba zai iya samun cikin samarwa saboda aikin da aka ba kawai hacked kisa ta hanyar jami'ai. A farko prototypes da aka samar a cikin wani iyaka edition na 50 motoci. Bayan haka, da jirgin sama samarwa tsaya ko kamar yadda sau uku daban-daban domin dalilai. Kawai dagewa management "Ford Motors" kamfanin ya ba da m mai tashi a rayuwa. Lokacin da na farko samfur na "Sauro" ya dauki kashe, kowa da kowa ya yi mamakin ta yi a cikin watan Nuwamba 1940.

Dalili na zane na jirgin sama mai monoplane. Front zauna matukin jirgin, wanda Ya buga wani m bayyani na gida. A rarrabe da mota shi ne cewa kusan dukan gini da aka yi da itace. Fikafikai samu a datsa sanya daga plywood kuma kamar wata spars. Radiators dake a cikin gaba sashe na reshe tsakanin fuselage da injuna. Wannan zane fasalin zo a cikin m lokacin da cruise.

A baya versions "Sauro" wingspan aka karu daga 16 zuwa 16,5 m. Tare da completions inganta shaye tsarin, kazalika da injuna. Sha'awa, da farko jirgin sama da aka gani a matsayin mai Scout. Shi ne kawai bayan da ya bayyana cewa hur zane yayi fice a jirgin data, an yanke shawarar amfani da na'ura a matsayin m. "Sauro" da aka yi amfani da Allied iska hare-hare a kan Jamus birane a karshe mataki na yaki. Suna amfani ba kawai ga ma'ana hare-haren, amma kuma ya daidaita da wuta wasu jiragen sama. model asarar suna daga cikin mafi karami a cikin rikici a Turai (16 hasarori a 1,000 tasowa). Godiya ga gudu da kuma tsawon jirgin "Sauro" ya zama unattainable for flak da kuma Jamus mayakan. The kawai tsanani barazana ga jet m ya Messerschmitt Me.262.