Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich: biography, iyali

An haifi Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich a nan gaba a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1893 a wani ƙauyen Kabany, a lardin Kiev. Bayani game da mahaifinsa ba shi da kyau. A zamanin Soviet, an jaddada cewa Kaganovich na daga cikin iyalin matalauta. Duk da haka, masana tarihi na yau da kullum sun nuna rashin daidaito na wannan sashin shaidar mutanen da suka san Li'azaru a matsayin yarinya. Don haka, wasu daga cikinsu sun kira Musa Kaganovicha mai ba da kyauta - mai siyar da shanu tare da riba mai yawa.

Shekarun farko

Duk wanda uban ya kasance, dan ba ya bi tafarkinsa. Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich a matsayin yaron ya fara kula da basirar wani katako. Daga shekaru 14 ya yi aiki a kamfanonin takalma. Kaganovich dan Bayahude ne, wanda ba zai iya rinjayar matsayinsa a Rasha ba. Yawancin mutanen Yahudawa sun tilasta su jimre wa Ƙungiyoyin Yanki da kuma ci gaba da dama a cikin hakkoki. Saboda haka, Yahudawa da yawa sun shiga juyin juya hali.

Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich a cikin wannan ma'ana ba wani banda. Duk da haka, ya zabi na zabi wani sabon abu ne ga Bayahude. A wannan lokacin, yawancin Yahudawa sun shiga masarautar, Menshevik, Socialist-Revolutionaries da Bundists. Li'azaru ya bi gurbin ɗan'uwansa ne Michael kuma a shekarar 1911 ya shiga Bolsheviks.

Young Bolshevik

Rayuwar wani saurayi ya zama misali mai kyau ga yanayin juyin juya hali. An kama shi har zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, kuma Bolshevik ya canza wurin zamansa a kai a kai: Kiev, Ekaterinoslav, Melitopol, da dai sauransu. A cikin waɗannan garuruwa Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich ya kafa ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin cinikayya na shakatawa da tanners. A tsakar rana ta juyin juya halin, ya zauna a Yuzovka. Aikin aiki da kuma motsawa a wani kamfanin takalma na gida, Kaganovich ya gana da wani matashi Nikita Khrushchev. A nan gaba, suna ci gaba da tuntubar juna a tsawon shekarun da suka samu a cikin jam'iyyar.

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin Kaganovich tafiya zuwa Petrograd, inda aka zabe shi cikin majalisar da aka kafa ta Bolsheviks jerin. Daga bisani ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar aikin haɗaka, ciki har da sabon Red Army. Lokacin da yakin basasa ya tashi, wani mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar ya fara aiki a gaba: a Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh da tsakiyar Asiya.

A cikin Turkestan, Kaganovich ya zama mamba na CC na RCP (B.) Kuma ya shiga majalisar dakarun juyin juya halin na Turkestan Front. Aikin wakilai an nada shi shugaban majalisa na Tashkent. Sa'an nan kuma aka zaba Kaganovich zuwa babban sakataren kwamitin tsakiya na Rasha na RSFSR. Aikin gaggawa tare da magoya bayansa na dan takara na jam'iyyar ba zai iya taimakawa ba amma ba a kula da Stalin ba, wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance a matsayin wakilin Commissar na Jama'a.

Stalin ta kare

Ko da a karkashin Lenin, matasa Kaganovich ya zama mai goyon bayan Stalin, wanda ya goyi bayansa a cikin gwagwarmaya. A rikici tsakanin da Bolsheviks shugabannin barke nan da nan bayan rasuwar unchallenged shugaba a 1924. Stalin, da yake shirin shirya wa Trotsky da sauran 'yan siyasar da ba su dace da shi ba, ya fara tayar da kansa. Koba yana da hanyar gudanarwa, a matsayin sakatare na kwamitin tsakiya, zai iya bayar da gudunmawar mutanensa ga manyan shafukan jam'iyyun.

Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich ya sami wurinsa a wannan makirci. Iyali da matasa na aikin suna da alaka da Ukraine - akwai inda Stalin ya shawarce shi a matsayin babban sakataren kwamitin tsakiya na tsakiya. A wannan lokacin, babu mulkin kama karya. Duk da haka, gwamnati ta gama kai ba ta saba wa wannan tsari ba, kuma jam'iyyar ta amince da wani muhimmin alƙawari.

A cikin Ukraine

Da zarar a Ukraine, Lazar Kaganovich fara bi a siyasa da "Ukrainization" - .. Karfafa kasa al'adu, makaranta, harshe, da dai sauransu A cikin sabon matsayi Bolshevik samu mai yawa hardware abokan adawar, cikinsu da da shugaban na Republican Council of jama'ar kasar Commissars Vlas Chubar da Commissar of Education Alexander Shumsky . A 1928, sun cimma burinsu, kuma Stalin ya tuna Kaganovich zuwa Moscow. A lokacin da ya yi aiki, Babban Sakataren CC CP (b) na Ukraine ya sami nasarar dawo da tattalin arziki bayan yakin basasa.

Gudanar da jagoranci

Da yake dawo da Kaganovich zuwa babban birnin kasar, Stalin ya bar shi a cikin 'yan jarida kuma ya zama sakatare na kwamitin jam'iyyar ta Moscow. Bugu da kari, Lazar Moiseevich samu wurin zama a cikin Politburo. A cikin kwamitin tsakiya shi ya zama alhakin noma. Kamar dai yadda shekarun 20 da 30 suke. Wajibi ne ya kasance ta hanyar dekulakization. Kaganovich ya jagoranci tsara gonar unguwanni. Wannan mai goyon baya ne kuma mai goyon baya shine Stalin ya ba da alhakin rikici a yankunan karkara.

Domin taimako ga collectivization na Kaganovich, daya daga cikin na farko zuwa sama da sabuwar halitta Order of Lenin. Stalin, ya sake amincewa da amincinsa, ya sanya shugaban kwamitin tsaro wanda ya gudanar da babban zabe a 1933-1934. A wannan lokaci, Kaganovich ya kasance a Moscow "domin babban", lokacin da jagoran ya bar dukan rani ya huta a kan Black Sea.

A shugaban Commissariat na Railways

Zo da farko shekaru biyar shirin. A cikin tseren tattalin arziki, Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich ya sami kansa aikace-aikace. Tarihin aikin ba zai cika ba tare da ambaci aikinsa a shugaban Commissariat of Communications. An ba shi wannan mukamin a 1935, ya rasa mukaminsa a kwamitin jam'iyyar ta Moscow. An gabatar da samfurin kayan aiki azaman haɓakawa. Daga ra'ayi na Stalin kanta, ƙungiyar Kaganovich ta shiga cikin tsarinsa, cikin ciki kuma bai taba kulawa da wasu posts da iko a hannun daya daga cikin kariya ba.

A karkashin Lazar Moiseevich a cikin Kamfanin Commissariat na Railways, sun sami karuwa a matakin sufuri, yana da mahimmanci ga sabuntawa. An gina sababbin hanyoyi kuma an sake gyara tsofaffi (wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance cikin mummunan yanayi sabili da dogon lokaci da kuma hadarin yakin basasa).

Gine-gine na Moscow

Domin nasararsa Kaganovich ta karbi Dokar Labarin Labarin. Bugu da ƙari, a shekara ta 1936 - 1955. Sunanta shi ne Moscow Metro (daga bisani ya karbi sunan Lenin). Sakamakon mutanen da ke jagorantar "jirgin karkashin kasa" a babban birnin kasar. A karkashin mulkinsa, an sake gina Moscow. Birnin ya karbi sabon birni na babban birnin jihar. A lokaci guda kuma, an rushe majami'u. Kwamitin Commisar na Jama'a ya lura da fashewar Cathedral na Kristi mai ceto.

A cikin ƙarshen 30, Kaganovich shine shugabanta na makamashi da yankunan tattalin arziki (lokaci mai tsawo, man fetur da man fetur). A cikin Sovnarkom (gwamnatin), Bolshevik ya zama mataimakin shugaban Kamfanin Moradev.

A lokacin shekarun danniya

A 1937, Stalin ya fara wani sabon yakin neman zabe a cikin jam'iyyar da kuma Red Army. Kaganovich, kamar yadda aka tsammanin, ya goyi bayan shirin na shugaban tare da dukan ƙarfinsa. Ya zuga danniya ba kawai a cikin Kamfanin Commissariat na Railways ba, amma kuma ya nuna cewa yana neman karin kwari da makiyan mutane a duk bangarorin Soviet.

Kaganovich - abokiyar Stalin, wanda ya sami damar yin amfani da jerin sunayen, wanda aka harbe shi tare da izinin jam'iyyar. Yawancin takardu tare da sa hannu a cikin Commissar na Jama'a sun kasance a cikin tarihin Kremlin. A cewar masana tarihi, mutane 19,000 ne kawai aka harbe su a jerin sunayen. Sauran irin wadannan Stalin sune Molotov, Voroshilov da Yezhov (daga baya aka harbe su). Kaganovich ya jagoranci kwakwalwa da kuma a ƙasa. Don yin wannan, a shekarar 1937 ya yi tafiya zuwa wasu yankuna na Rundunar Harkokin Jirgin Harkokin Harkokin Jirgi ta {asar Amirka (ciki har da yankunan Yaroslavl, Kiev da Ivanovo). Ayyukan na jam'iyya sun shiga cikin mummunar kisan gillar Katyn - kashe 'yan fursunoni na {asar Poland.

Babban Karshe na Yammaci

A lokacin yakin basasa, Kaganovich (a matsayin Kamfanin Sadarwar Kasuwancin Jama'a) shine ke da alhakin fitar da kamfanoni a gabashin kasar. Babban nauyin ya fadi a kan tashar jiragen kasa, wanda dukkansu suka yi aiki tare da aikinsu. Sojojin Soviet sun fara aiwatar da aiki a baya kuma sun fara duk kayan da ake bukata a gaba. A 1942, Kamfanin Commissar na Jama'a ya shiga cikin majalisar soja na Arewa Caucasian Front. Duk da haka, a cikin babban ya yi aiki a Moscow, kuma a kudanci ya ziyarta ta ziyara. Sau ɗaya a Tuadar, inda aka umarce shi, a lokacin harin bom, ya sami raunuka a hannunsa. A gaban, Kaganovich ya kafa aikin kotun soja da kuma ofishin jakadancin soja.

A cikin rabi na biyu na yakin, Stalin ya fara shiga sabon kwamiti a kwamitin tsaro na jihar. Daga cikinsu akwai Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich. Littattafan masana tarihi sun nuna cewa bai yi babban rawar da ke cikin gajeren lokaci ba, kuma a yawancin al'amurra wani nau'i ne mai mahimmanci da fasaha.

Rashin iko

A cikin shekarun Stalin na ƙarshe, Kaganovich ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma a cikin majalisa. A matsayin "mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci" an nada shi shugaban ma'aikatar masana'antu ta masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, Lazar Moiseevich ya koma Politburo na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar (Bolsheviks) na Ukraine.

Bayan mutuwar Stalin , Kaganovich dauki wani tashin hankali jam'iyyar gwagwarmaya. Da farko ya goyi bayan cire Beria. Duk da haka, tun a 1957 ya, tare da Molotov da Malenkov, an hada su a cikin sabon ƙungiyar 'yan adawa kuma an cire su daga dukkan matakan. Ya zama abin lura cewa Kaganovich ya san Khrushchev tun lokacin juyin juya hali kuma a wasu matakai har ma ya inganta karuwarsa a cikin matsayi na Stalin.

An tura tsohon mutanen Commissar zuwa matsayi mai daraja a Asbestos, inda ya kasance a kan aikin jam'iyyar. A shekarar 1961 an kori shi daga CPSU kuma ya aika zuwa Kalinin. Tsohon shekarun Kaganovich ya ware - adadinsa ba ya bayyana a sararin siyasa. Tuni a lokacin perestroika, 'yan jarida sun iya isa gare shi, suna yin rikodi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'an Soviet na zamanin Stalin. Tsohon mutanen Commissar ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1991 a shekara 97.

Iyali

Kamar sauran abokan hulɗar Stalin, Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, wanda rayuwarsa ta haɓaka tare da sabis, ya samu fiye da ɗaya wasan kwaikwayo na iyali. Mahaifinsa mai suna Mikhail, wanda ya fara shiga jam'iyyar Bolshevik, shi ne kwamishinan 'yan kasuwa na kungiyar HKI ta Amurka. A 1940, an cire shi daga ofishin kuma ya ba da gargadi. Mikhail, lokacin da yake ganin cewa zai iya zama mutumin da ya kamu da NKVD, ya kashe kansa. Sauran 'yan'uwa biyu na Kaganovich sun fi farin ciki. Isra'ila ta yi aiki a ma'aikatar Dairy da Meat Industry, kuma Isra'ila a cikin Commissariat Commissariat na Harkokin Ciniki.

Matar Kaganovich Maria Privorotskaya ta koma RSDLP a 1909. A zamanin Soviet, ta yi aiki a cikin kungiyoyi masu cinikayya, suka jagoranci gidajen yara kuma sun kasance mataimaki na majalisar dokokin Moscow. Yayin da yake matashi matashi Maria ya shiga aiki na rudani, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich. Yara na wannan ma'aurata: 'yar Maya (ta shirya littafan tarihin mahaifinta) kuma ta dauki Yuri.