Jiragen Columbus: muƙamin, description. Jirgin na Columbus 'Santa Maria'. "Nina" jirgin Hristofora Kolumba

"Columbus ya gano America, babban ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa" - kamar yadda suka faɗa, a daya song ... Duk da haka, kafin ka tashi, sanannen mai bincike ga shekaru masu yawa da aka neman kudade domin su kamfani. Ko da yake da yawa manya na lokaci Hristofora Kolumba aikin da aka wa liking, to ware kudi domin ta aiwatar, sun kasance a cikin wani sauri. Duk da haka, nan gaba discoverer wani mutum mai kuzari, kuma har yanzu tattara zama dole kudi, da kuma Fitted daga uku jiragen ruwa, wanda kowannensu na da ban mamaki labarin.

Hristofor Kolumb

Kafin koyo game da jiragen ruwa, wanda ya yi wa almara tafiya Columbus, yana da daraja tunawa da babban Navigator.

Hristofor Kolumb aka haife shi a 1451 a Jamhuriyar Genoa. Kasa idan masana kimiyya musamman muhawarar. Christopher kansa yana dauke da wani Spanish navigator, kamar yadda Spain outfitted ya balaguro. Duk da haka, daban-daban kafofin koma zuwa gare shi a matsayin Italian, Catalan kuma ko da wani Bayahude wanda tuba zuwa Kristanci.

A cikin wani hali, wani mutum Columbus ya yi fice, wanda ya ba shi damar samun mai kyau ilimi a Jami'ar Italiyanci birnin Pavia. Bayan karatu Christopher ya zama sau da yawa iyo. Mafi sau da yawa, ya halarci Maritime cinikayya expeditions. Wata kila wannan shi ne saboda da entrainment na marine tafiya goma sha tara Columbus auri 'yar wani shahararren mai bincike Dona Felipe De Palestrello.

Lokacin nan gaba discoverer of America ashirin da uku, sai ya fara shiryar da wani aiki rubutu tare da shahararrun Florentine masanin Paolo Toscanelli, suka gaya masa da ra'ayin tafiya zuwa India fadin Atlantic Ocean.

Bayan jawabin da nasu lissafin, Hristofor Kolumb ya gamsu da ingancinsa ya abokin alkalami. Saboda haka, a cikin 'yan shekaru na gaba ya ƙaddamar da wani tafiya aikin mafi m mutane na Genoa. Amma ba su yi godiya da shi, kuma ya ƙiya, don gudanar.

Masanan basu ji dadin tare da Ƙasa, Columbus yayi don tsara wani balaguro zuwa Sarkin Portugal, kuma bayan da manya da kuma limaman na Spain. Amma da shekaru ya tafi da, kuma ba wanda yana da ware kudi ga Columbus aikin. A fargaba, da navigator juya har zuwa Burtaniya sarki, amma duk a banza. Kuma kamar idan ya kasance game da su matsa zuwa Faransa da kuma a can ya yi kokarin su sa'a, da Spanish Sarauniya Isabella ɗauka su da kuɗaɗen da balaguro.

Columbus tafiya

Duk da babban mai bincike sanya hudu tafiya daga Turai zuwa Amirka. Dukan su da za'ayi a cikin lokaci daga 1492 zuwa 1504.

A lokacin farko balaguro na Columbus tare da shi tafi wajen ɗari mutane a kan uku jiragen ruwa. Total tafiya da dawowa dauki game da bakwai da rabi watanni. A wannan balaguro, explorers gano tsibirin Cuba, Haiti da Bahamas a cikin Caribbean. Columbus ya gano ƙasar shekara da shekaru, da ake kira West Indies. Musamman irin, wasu masu bincike jayayya cewa manufar balaguro na Columbus ya ba India, da kuma Japan.

A tsawon lokaci, saboda daban-daban da rigingimu bude ƙasar daina zama dukiya kawai na Spanish Crown da aka raba tsakanin Turai Maritime iko.

Duk da yake Christopher na uku balaguro na Vasco da Gama gano hakikanin hanya zuwa India, haka tunzura wani stigma a kan suna daga Columbus zamba. Bayan haka, sosai Explorer a cikin marũruwa aka aiko gida, kuma ya so ya yi hukunci, amma Spanish arziki riga yi kyau kudi a kan bude ƙasar, Columbus kare da kuma kulla ya saki.

Wajen kokarin tabbatar da hali, da navigator dauki a karo na hudu balaguro, a lokacin da karshe samu zuwa nahiyar Amurka.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rai na Hristofor Kolumb kokarin sake samu title of nobility, bã shi da lashe da biyu, da Spanish wadanada, kazalika da gata na jama'a asashe. Duk da haka, ya ba su sarrafa su yi shi. Bayan rasuwar ragowar na discoverer perezahoronyali sau da yawa, don haka abin da a yanzu akwai da dama yiwu kabari Hristofora Kolumba.

Uku Columbus jirgin (Karakka da caravels)

Lokacin da Hristofor Kolumb Ya karshe da kuɗaɗen farko balaguro, ya aka tsunduma a cikin shirye-shiryen da jiragen ruwa.

Da farko ya wajaba a ƙayyade yawan. Tun lokacin da ya kamfanin ya quite m, to ba a manyan jiragen ruwa da aka tsada. A lokaci guda daya ko biyu jiragen ruwa - ma kadan. Saboda haka, aka yanke shawarar ba uku raka'a. Abin da suke cikin jirgin ruwa, na Columbus? Cif daga gare su - Karakka "Santa Maria", da kuma biyu caravels, "Nina" da "Pinta".

Karakka da caravel - abin da yake da shi?

The jirgin Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' da irin ya Karakka. Saboda haka muna kira kowa a cikin 15-16 karnoni, tafiya jiragen ruwa ga 3-4 masts. Abin lura shi ne cewa a Turai da suka kasance da babbar a lokacin. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, wadannan jiragen iya yardar kaina sanya ɗari biyar zuwa dubu. Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa daukacin ma'aikatan uku jiragen ruwa Columbus yana da shekara ɗari mutane, mai yiwuwa, "Santa Maria" wani kananan Karakka.

Sauran jiragen ruwa na Columbus (sunan su "Nina" da "Pinta") sun caravels. Wannan 2-3-mast jirgin ruwa na kowa a cikin wadanda wannan shekara. Ba kamar Karakka, sun kasance m dace domin dogon expeditions. Duk da haka, sun kasance mafi maneuverable, kuma suna da sauki kuma cheap, haka nan da nan suka riƙa hambararren ƙato karakki.

"Santa Maria" Columbus ta jirgin

Kamar yadda wani hoto mai girma navigator, da kuma bayyanar da farko uku jiragen ruwa ba a kiyaye su. Description na Columbus jiragen ruwa, kazalika da su alamu, wajen m, kuma kõma daga kalmomin da na shaidun gani da ido tsira shekaru masu yawa daga baya, ko da zaton na masana kimiyya.

Kamar yadda aka fiye ĩmãni, "Santa Maria" wani kananan guda-bene Karakka da uku masts. An zaci cewa jirgin na tsawon kasance 25 m, da kuma fadin -. 8 m Daftarin shi game da 1200 jirgin riƙe da aka 3 m zurfi, da kuma a kan bene ya gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa dogara, housed bukkokin da ɗakunan ajiya .. A cikin tanki da aka a triangular dandali.

"Santa Maria" (Columbus ta jirgin) aka sanye take da mahara bindigogi na daban-daban calibers, tsara fire dutse bukukuwa. Abin lura shi ne cewa a cikin records Navigator lokaci zuwa lokaci da ake kira da flagship da Karakka, da caravel. Flagship Columbus jirgin mallakar Juan de la Kos, wanda shi ma ya kyaftin.

A rabo daga cikin "Santa Maria"

Abin baƙin ciki, "Santa Maria" da aka ba ƙaddara ta komawa gida don Spain a farkon Disamba 1492, na biyu, a lokacin farko da tafiya, da flagship na Columbus ya zauna a kan reefs kusa Haiti. Farga cewa ajiye "Santa Maria" ba zai yiwu ba, Christopher umurni da kai daga gare shi, duk da cewa zai iya zama da daraja, da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa caravel. jirgin kanta da aka yanke shawarar kwakkwance kayan gini, daga wanda daga baya a kan wannan tsibirin Fort "Kirsimeti" ( "La Navidad") da aka gina.

"Nina"

Bisa ga discoverer na Sahaban, "Nina" (Columbus ta jirgin) ya fi so jirgin na discoverer na sabon asashe. A duk tafiyarka da ya rufe ta a kan arba'in da biyar kilomita dubu. Bayan rasuwar "Santa Maria" ne ya juya a cikin flagship na Columbus.

Real sunan jirgin ya "Santa Clara", amma 'yan balaguro kira cikin auna ta "baby," wanda a Spanish sauti kamar "Nina". Mai shi daga cikin jirgin ya Juan Nino. Amma a farkon tafiya daga Columbus kyaftin "Nini" ya Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da size of "Santa Clara" ya game 17 m tsawo da kuma 5.5 m m. Haka kuma an yi imani da cewa akwai uku masts a kan "Nine." A cewar bayanai daga jirgin ya log, asalinsu daga wannan caravel aka slanting filafili, da kuma bayan wani tsaya a cikin Canary Islands, suka maye gurbinsu a mike Lines.

Da farko, da jirgin ke kadan fiye da ashirin mambobi ne na ƙungiya, amma bayan da "Santa Maria" mutuwa daga mafi daga gare su. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a kan shi a farkon lõkaci matuƙan aka barci a hammocks, shan a kan hadisin da na 'yan India.

A rabo daga "Nini"

A amince da baya a Spain bayan na farko da balaguro na Columbus, "Nina" kuma halarci na biyu tafiya na Christopher zuwa gaba of America. A lokacin m 1495 guguwa "Santa Clara" ya kadai tsira jirgin.

Tsakanin 1496th da 1498th fi so jirgin discoverer of America aka kama da 'yan fashi, amma godiya ga ƙarfin hali na ta babban birnin kasar da aka saki da kuma ya tafi zuwa uku a kan tafiya daga Columbus.

Bayan 1501 babu wani bayani game da shi, mai yiwuwa caravel nutse a lokacin daya daga cikin yakin.

"Pinta"

Madaidaici data a kan bayyanar da fasaha halaye na jirgin a tarihi da aka kiyaye.

Mun dai san cewa jirgin na Columbus 'Pinta' ya babbar caravel a farko balaguro daga cikin manyan matafiyi. Duk da haka, domin ba a sani ba dalilai bayan mutuwar "Santa Maria" kai iyo i ba zuwa gare shi a matsayin flagship. Mafi m, shi ne rundunar sojoji, da kuma kyaftin na jirgin - Martin Alonso Pinzón. Lalle ne, a lokacin tafiya, ya akai-akai kalubalanci shawarar da Columbus. Watakila mai girma navigator tsoron wani bore da haka ya zaɓi jirgin inda da shugaban ya Brother Martin - mafi m Vicente.

Abin lura shi ne cewa New World shi ne na farko ganin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa tare da "Pinta".

An sani cewa jiragen ruwa koma gida dabam. Haka kuma, shugaban na "Pinta" dukan sojojin nemi wa jirgin zo na farko a Spain, fatan ya gaya maka bushãra. Amma zama da latti wani biyu na sa'o'i saboda da hadari.

"Pinta" Fate

Ga bayani a kan yadda za samo asali da rabo daga cikin jirgin "Pinta" bayan Columbus 'tafiya, shi ne ba a sani ba. Akwai shaida da cewa bayan dawo da jirgin ta kyaftin ya quite sanyi soma mahaifarsa. Kuma saboda kiwon lafiya matsalolin samu a lokacin balaguro, ya mutu 'yan watanni baya. Kila jirgin ko da aka sayar da kuma canja sunanta, ko ya kashe a lokacin na gaba tafiya.

Sauran jiragen ruwa na Columbus

Idan a lokacin farko balaguro na Columbus 'rundunar kunshi kawai uku kananan sana'a, a karo na biyu akwai goma sha bakwai a cikin na uku - shida, kuma a karo na hudu - duk hudu. Wannan shi ne saboda wani asarar amincewa a Hristoforu Kolumbu. Abin mamaki, kawai 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na Columbus zai zama daya daga cikin mafi girma heroes of Spain.

Sunayen mafi yawan wadannan tasoshin ba a kiyaye su. Mun dai san cewa flagship na biyu balaguro wani jirgin ya kira "Marie-Galante", da kuma a karo na hudu - "La Capital".

Bayan haka bayan shekaru da dama da shi da aka samu a kan wasu jiragen ruwa Columbus shiga jirgin ruwa a kan ta farko da tafiya, da kuma bude wani sabon duniya domin duk Adam, yana da ban mamaki yadda suke su ne iya iyo a duk. Bayan zubar da cikin Spanish Crown kasance mafiya ƙarfi da voluminous kotu, amma su masu ba ka so hadarin su. The bushãra ne cewa masu "Santa Maria", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), da kuma "Pinta" kasance ba haka ba da kuma fada da Columbus balaguro. Daidai saboda wannan suna har abada shiga tarihi na duniya kamar yadda suka bude biyu sabon tsibiran da babban yankin.