Irin kimiyya rationality: definition. kimiyya da juyin juya halin

Duk wani nau'in kimiyya rationality presupposes kasancewar wani tsarin dokoki, matsayin, musamman ga wani musamman al'umma da kuma suna dauke isa. Wadannan dokoki da ake bukata don cimma burin da suke da dacewa daga cikin ra'ayi na al'umma. A mafi girma hankali ne ya biya zuwa gare su falsafa, a cikin abin da magana game da gargajiya, nonclassical kuma post-nonclassical iri, kowanne daga wanda aka halin da nasu musamman ra'ayinmu game da duniya.

Ka'idar a general

Wannan mas'ala cewa irin wannan gargajiya kimiyya rationality, nonclassical, post-nonclassical, damar fahimtar daki-daki, me ya sa duniyar kimiyya a yau shi ne abin da shi ne. A gaskiya, shi ne mai gani. Hankali analysis samar da isasshen bayani ga ci gaban mu fahimtar duniya.

Introspection falsafa ka'idojin wanda su ne tushen ga ka'idar, sun sanya kimiyya mai ma'ana, mai hankali, tare da methodological da falsafa tushe. Tafakkuri a yau yanayi na zamantakewa da ci gaban kuma zai kawar da aka canza dabi'u cewa shi ne halayyar da ci gaban yayi a cikin shekaru goma, a lokacin da rinjaye al'adu ya zama postmodern.

m ilimi

Shi ne mafi halayyar da lokaci na 17-19 ƙarni lokacin da falsafa, hanya sallama zuwa ga gargajiya irin na kimiyya rationality. A wannan lokacin, da ainihin ra'ayin shi ne ra'ayi cewa hankali ne iya gano a duniya, lura da kewaye yankin da kuma shi ne ta hanyar kallo na'am da bayanai domin bincike. Ilimi jama'a ake bukata don yin wani haƙiƙa ra'ayi game da duniyar da muke rayuwa. Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya sun bayyana mamaki da ya lura da su a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da suka wanzu. Bisa ga ideas na m ilimi ya ci gaba da ka'idar Rene Dekart, wanda yana dauke da kafa na zamani ideas game da sarari.

Gargajiya rationality zama tushen ci gaban hanya a matsayin kimiyya. Musamman da hankali da aka biya don sadarwa kwarewa da kuma ka'idojin akai. Ka'idar shi ne hakan samu daga daban-daban kafofin daga m gwaninta.

A ra'ayoyi da kuma hanyoyin

A gargajiya irin na kimiyya rationality kimiyya ci gaba a kan tushen da axiom: da facts - kadai gaskiya akai ga ka'idar. A mafi m m nufin ya zama ƙarƙashin rufi, a lokacin da ci gaban da facts nazari dabam daga juna.

Gudunmawata bambanci da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan malamai, da iyakance su filin daga mataki. Tasiri da aka exerted a kan tunani. Hanyar, dabaru, kazalika da fasaha mafita hankula da wani batu, a cikin tsarin na irin wannan fuskanta ba a amfani da wasu. Ba zato ba tsammani, ya gaji juna, da kuma iri daban-daban na kimiyya rationality da kimiyya da juyin juya halin. A zamaninmu, da kimiyya division tsokani da samuwar guda springboard cimma daban-daban a raga.

Gargajiya rationality: mafi muhimmanci turakun

A matsayin dalilin wannan dabarar ne ya zama ruwan dare kvantitatizm cewa bincike na wani sabon abu da kuma ya shafi aunawa ta na lamba magana. Rene Dekart ce: "The Movement da kuma hanya tsawon isa ya haifar da wani dukan duniya."

Quite m bambanci kusanta ne a wurin kimiyya, lura a tsakiyar zamanai kuma bi shi zamanin. A kimiyya na zamani sau aka daina goyon organisticheskoe view na duniya, a lokacin da mutane suka dauka, idan duniya - shi ne cikin jiki. Idan baya ya zama kamar ma cewa duk abin da ya wanzu ta kanta, da kokarin bincike ya da wani canji na sabon iri na kimiyya rationality da kuma fahimtar duniya da aka mechanistic. Da kakkarfan tasiri a kan shi ya (daga baya Descartes), Spinoza da Leibniz.

A wannan lokacin da duniya da jũna a mutane kama da inji, da cewa shi ne, gaba xayan duniya ne wani nau'i ne na hadadden agogon. Yana bi da al'umma, da yanayi iya nuna kanta idan tsara gwaji. Mutumin, bi da bi, dole ne fuskanci yanayi, domin su kirkiro dokokin hukumar sarari. Saboda haka a cikin fari a kimiyya zo da sakamako samu ta hanyar gwaji cewa a yarda to suna da kimiyya-daidaitacce yi. Wannan irin kimiyya rationality da kimiyya da juyin juya halin hade tare da ta kafa, mafi vividly nuna a cikin hakan na Bacon: "Ilimi shi ne iko."

Science: ba mu tsaya har yanzu

Irin kimiyya rationality, ya maye gurbin na gargajiya, fiye da ake kira nonclassical. A mi} a mulki jawo da yawa dalilai. Musanya ji na ruhaniya, da gwamnatin al'adar Turai, fahimtar duniya a kusa da rikicin. Wannan shi ne hali na zamani daga na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th zuwa farkon na gaba karni. Gargajiya rationalism ya ba su isa ba gamsar da mutum so ga ilmi.

Wani sabon fahimtar bai zo nan da nan, amma sannu a hankali ta shiga a cikin dukkan duniyoyin. Kamar sauran tarihi iri kimiyya rationality, nonclassical wani samfurin a lokacinsa. Human sani, sunã nẽman don samun mafi bayani game duniya, ya juya ga zama matattu karshen: ya bayyana cewa, da zamantakewa hali da sosai karfi da tasiri a kan da inganci da kuma yiwuwar ta cognition. Yana zama tushen ci gaban jimla-relativistic juyin juya halin. A mafi muhimmanci names for nonclassical irin kimiyya rationality: Heisenberg, Bohr, Einstein.

Biyu na farko da aka tsunduma a jimla makanikai, da kuma na uku shi ne marubucin da ka'idar dangantakar. Lokacin da kimiyya ta mayar da su cikin jimla, relativistic ka'idar, gudun samuwa ga binciken, ya karu. Masana kimiyya sun zama available na farko barbashi. Saboda haka muka fara samar tunanin dabarun.

Features ka'idar

Nonclassical irin kimiyya rationality ya bambanta daga na gargajiya bayanin irin abu. Idan kafin duk dauke a kanta, sabon tsarin kula da zamar masa dole ya gyara yanayin a cikin abin da sabon abu ne lura da kuma tantance su matakin na hulda da sha'awar masana kimiyya ƙi.

A dalilin wannan dabarar ne musamman fasali na firamare barbashi. Sai ya juya daga cewa abu iya nuna hali daban, da kuma sadarwa da aka lura da zabin da kayayyakin aiki, don kallo. A misali - shi ne wani electron, wanda zai iya nuna kanta a matsayin mai kalaman ko matsayin barbashi. Yana iya gane cewa abu yana da ba kawai da kaddarorin peculiar masa, amma kuma bayyana ne kawai a lokacin da a hade tare da wasu batu.

A tsawon lokaci, da sanin magana ga masana kimiyya ma canza. Idan a baya shi da aka yi imani da cewa ya alama da za a iyakance daga waje duniya da aka located a nesa daga gare shi, da sabon tsarin kula ya yarda su gane da batun a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniya, shi ne in da tsarin. Saboda haka, yanayi ba kawai amsa ga tambayoyin da tsara ta wurin mutum na'urarka, da yawa ya dogara kan yadda tambaya ne worded. Wannan, bi da bi, aka ƙaddara da ilmi. Saboda haka, wadanda ba gargajiya Hanyar ilmi ya yarda ya kirkiro sabon Concepts ka'idar, gaskiya, da gaskiya. An daina zama dacewa da har na kai tsaye ontologism a lokacin da ilimi da kuma gaskiya da wata hujja, kai tsaye sadarwa.

raya ci gaba

Yau kimiyya, tana tafiya da leaps da haddi. Kimiyya da juyin juya halin, ci gaban falsafa, fasaha da kimiyya da inganta sabon falsafancin sun tsokani miƙa mulki ga sabon. Yanzu ya zama na gaggawa post-nonclassical irin kimiyya rationality. Masana kimiyya sun ce wannan - na huɗu duniya juyin juya halin a kimiyya. Duk da haka, wasu jayayya da cewa sabon nau'in rationality ne har yanzu kawai haife, kuma ganiya ta ci gaba gaba.

Ilimin kimiyya ya canja a 'yan shekarun nan ne sosai tsanani, shi tsokani, ciki har da kuma zamantakewa al'amurran da ci gaba. Yana nufin a yi maka, kantin sayar da ilimi, rayayye ci gaba, inda ya isa da kimiyya aikin da aka quite canza. A mafi girma hankalin masana kimiyya a zamaninmu janyo hankalin zuwa binciken, shafe mahara tarbiyya, kazalika da magance takamaiman Topical al'amurran da suka shafi. Lokacin da na gargajiya kimiyya a cibiyar da hankali ya gutsure, gani a kadaici daga kimiyya. Amma wadannan kwanaki mafi rayayye tsara shirye-shirye da cewa warware matsalolin da hadaddun da mahara filayen na ilimi. Wannan ya tilasta da kwararru na daban-daban duniyoyin na aiki a wata tawagar. Wannan dabarar sa hoton na gaskiya, kafa da masana kimiyya hade da juna, wanda tare da bada more cikakken da cikakken hoto na duniya. Ideas matsawa daga kimiyya to kimiyya, da suna iyaka ma share, m division kafe a baya. Pretty karfi da tasiri suna amfani da gudanar da bincike.

Ta yaya wannan aikin

Kwararru daga daban-daban tarbiyya shiga sojojin gano wani iri-iri na mamaki. Yawanci, irin wannan hadin gwiwa suna tattara domin bincika ikon da kansa ci gaba bude tsarin. Yana da haka ya faru da cewa gwamnatin tsarin - shi ne quite wuya ga kimiyya nazarin abu. Yana da haka ya faru da cewa gwamnatin tsarin - shi ne quite wuya ga kimiyya nazarin abu.

Juyin Halitta - shi ne miƙa mulki daga wanda tsarin da sauran kai-gudãnar. Rarrabe siffofin - abubuwa a cikin kungiyar, kai-tsari dokoki. A sabon matakin da aka kafa ta wucewa da bifurcation batu, wato, a lokacin da tsarin zama m. Ko mai haɗari tasiri tsokani da samuwar sabon tsarin. Wannan ci gaban fara ci gaban dabarun, amma karfi mataki zai iya dawo da shi baya da tushe jihar. A wasu lokuta, wannan tasiri ba da damar zama wani abu sabon.

Location: karkashin iko da canji

Don ci gaba da sarrafawa da halin da ake ciki, shi wajibi ne sakamako a lokacin da nassi daga cikin bifurcation maki. Masana kimiyya sun ce a irin haka ne, "da makamashi injections". Wannan ba ka damar fara da sake fasalin kudin da tsarin, game da shi, gina tsarin wani ƙarin matakin.

Systems cewa zai iya ci gaba da kansa, yawanci nuna a sarari samu hada hannu. Abin da ke faruwa a cikin su ne komowar tafiyar matakai. A wannan yanayin, mutum tasiri - wannan ba external tasiri, kuma shi ne wani bangare ne na tsarin. A mutum na iya tasiri da shi, da canza filin yanayi. Lokacin da ya daukan bangare a cikin ci gaban da tsarin, shi ne ba kawai hulɗa tare da mutum abubuwa, amma rinjayar da layin juyin halitta. Zabi yana da wata hanyar da baya. A mafi yawan lokuta, ba shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen duk da sakamakon hukuncin.

Tarihi da kuma Science

Dole ne in ce, ga malamai, musamman ga tafiyad da kimiyyar yanayin halitta, ya ba shakka dangantaka tarihi gwamnatin tsarin. Farko shi ya shigar, masana kimiyyar, ilmin Taurari da kuma waɗanda suka tsunduma a related tarbiyya tare da duniyar tamu. An nan aka farko kafa wani hoto na gaskiya a cikinsa da tsakiyar ra'ayin da gwamnatin dauki abu. Ba haka ba da dadewa wadannan sciences shiga kimiyyar lissafi.

Historical ci gaban binciken kimiyyar lissafi abubuwa ya zama wani ɓangare na wakilci na gaskiya ta hanyar cosmology. Ya taka leda rawar da Big Bang Theory, da kuma sauran abubuwa da dangantaka da ra'ayin kafa Metagalaxy. Bugu da kari, wani karfi da tasiri a zamani kimiyyar lissafi da aka bayar ayyukan Prigogine kishin nonequilibrium thermodynamic matakai, kazalika da hada hannu a ka'idar. Irin ra'ayoyin su yarda don ƙirƙirar wani cikakke ra'ayinmu game da duniya, shan la'akari da tarihi na ta ci gaba. A tsakiyar wata kimiyya gabatar a yau a kan ra'ayoyin na duniya evolutionism. Sun kasance sũ ne da key ga post-nonclassical irin kimiyya rationality.

musamman harka

Bukatar musamman da magani irin wannan tarihi tasowa tsarin da ake da nasaba, da yanayi na duniya. Daga gare su a cikin na farko wuri - gidaje, da suka hada da mutane. Masana kimiyya kira su "mutum-girma". Hankula misalai - muhalli, kiwon lafiya, nazarin halittu abubuwa, ciki har da Muciya, su yi nazarin duniya yanayi. Su kuma sun hada da fasahar binciken halittu, kwayoyin aikin injiniya, da kuma tsarin da cu] anya da inji kuma mutane, ciki har da {ungiyar AI, (wucin gadi m) da kuma IT tsarin.

A nazarin wadannan tsarin sa ya yiwu a ci gaba bil'adama dabi'u, saboda ko ta wani hanya akwai wani hulda da tsarki kimiyya da kuma ra'ayoyin na humanism. Gazawar sa ta siffofin da wayewa, kawar da free gwaje-gwajen. A yawan interactions - dakatar, kuma wannan bukatar sani duk masana kimiyya da suka zaba a shugabanci ga mataki. Dalilin shi ne cewa wasu ayyuka za su iya zama unpredictable a catastrophic sakamakon.

Da yake jawabi na mutum-girma abubuwa, masana kimiyya da la'akari da duniya dabi'u da kuma dalilai, kuma tun wadannan preconditions kirkiro bayyana da lura mamaki. Masu bincike a kai a kai tsayar da da'a matsaloli. Shi ne ba ko da yaushe a bayyane iyakoki halatta tsangwama. A daidai wannan lokaci, kowane kimiyya yana da wani ciki dabi'un da stimulates nemi workarounds to cimma da ake so manufa. The search for sabon bayanai kana bukatar kayan ado a hade tare da ka'idodinta humanism da kuma duniya dabi'u. Ilimi zama wani kashi a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa, da kuma an tsara don taimaka fahimta dokokin, akida, halayyar jama'a a halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba.

Summing up

Magana game da nauóín kimiyya rationality, zuwa kashi uku kungiyoyin: gargajiya, nonclassical kuma post-nonclassical. A halin yanzu, muna rayuwa a cikin na uku irin, wanda shi ne mai rarrabe - nazarin duniya a general, shan la'akari da dangantaka. Amma a lokacin da kimiyya da aka kafa, da kuma har cikin karni na 19th, mamaye da classic. Ya aka maye gurbinsu da wadanda ba na gargajiya, tsara a kan tushen da ra'ayoyi na Einstein, Bohr da Heisenberg.