Ilimi da kuma kimiyya a cikin karni na 19th a Rasha

Karni na 19th ga Rasha ya juyo, idan a farkon karni ikon ya wuce zuwa Alexander I bayan da regicide Paul na, a lokacin da kimiyya da ilimi da suka fara samar hanzari, wanda ake bukata a babban canji. Duk wadannan canje-canje na 19th karni za a iya raba farko da na biyu halves.

Rasha kan dokin cikin karni na 19th

The Legacy matasa Sarkin sarakuna samu jiha, wanda ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da baya lokaci. Yana yiwuwa a lura da 'yan muhimmanci dalilai da suka nuna ta kasar girma:

1. Karuwan yanki saboda da annexation na Crimea, Kazakhstan, da Baltic States, da Dama-Bank Ukraine da Belarus Yammacin. A sakamakon, da kuma yawan da ya zama mafi game da miliyan 40. Mutane, wanda 90% sun manoma. Kuma ya karu, da kuma birane, yawan, musamman a St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow, wanda, ba shakka, kawo ci gaban kimiyya a cikin karni na 19th a Rasha.
2. Romanov zama mafi girma a masu da kuma samun wasu 'yancin kai daga sauran kasar kadarori.
3. A kasafin kudin ya karu da fiye da duffai uku idan aka kwatanta da 18th karni.

Duk da haka, a lokacin da isowa na da ikon Alexander I, Rasha wata kasa inda dukkan zamani shirin kama-up ya faru a kudi na nasu mutane, da kuma kimiyya, da ilmi da al'adu da aka bai sosai kadan lokaci.

A ci gaba da kimiyya a cikin farkon rabin karni na 19th

Magana game da ci gaban kimiyya a farkon rabin karni za a iya samu a sakamakon da aka sani da masana kimiyya a lokacin, saboda wanda a yau shi ne zai yiwu a ga irin fice nasarori.

Kimiyya a karni na 19th a Rasha - shi ne, a sama da dukan, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai.

A Kazan University ilimin lissafi farfesa Nikolai Lobachevsky ya iya samar da wani sabon ka'idar a lissafi, da ake kira "wadanda ba Euclidean". Likita Nikolai Pirogov ya iya taka tafi a magani na dogon lokaci yayin da la'akari tiyata. Ya ya iya amfani da shi a yakin, da farko yi amfani da ether maganin sa barci da kuma wani filastar simintin gyaran kafa.

A kimiyyar lissafi, babban mayar da hankali na nazari a wannan lokaci shi da wutar lantarki, da kuma wannan shi ne inda ya gano. Boris Jacobi bude electroforming hanya, sa'an nan halitta da dama lantarki Motors da kuma telegraphs. A likita Vasily Petrov ya iya nuna yadda za ka iya amfani da wutar lantarki ga lighting kuma karfe kututturan, bincika baka da cajin a rarefied gas.

Yana ci gaba a wannan lokaci da kuma a kimiyya, ilmin taurari, saboda haka, aka bude a 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, inda ya yi aiki falakin Vasily Struve, wanda ya gano taro na taurari a cikin Milky Way jirgin sama.

Makarantu da kuma jami'o'i

A farkon da kimiyya da ba da ilimi na karni na 19th a Rasha sun canza, kuma a 1803 ya bayar da umurnin a raba kasar cikin shida ilimi gundumomi, kowanne daga abin da ya gina jami'a. Duk da haka, an gano shekaru 20 kawai uku manyan cibiyoyin ilmi, ciki har da Moscow, Kazan kuma St. Petersburg University. Nicholas I bai goyi bayan ra'ayin da ilimi, da kuma wani jami'a ya ba bude a karkashin mulkinsa. Bugu da kari, ya yi imanin cewa, ya kamata yara su ba za a sanar da serfs daidai da duk.

A da kyau ilimi za a iya samu, amma kawai nobility a fuskar, kamar Tsarskoye Selo kusa St. Petersburg, kuma Demidov, wanda yake a Yaroslavl.

Better abubuwa sun kasance tare da makarantu na fasaha profile. A farkon karni, an gano kawai Mountain Institute, kadan daga baya ya bayyana Forest Cibiyar. Nicholas I kyau zuwa aikin injiniya da kuma soja da ilimi, don haka idan ta kasance bude fasaha cibiyoyin a St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow, kazalika da harbi da kuma Engineering Academy.

Ilimi ga mata

A da kyau hali to la'akari da ci gaba da mata ilimi, wanda aka sa shi a Ekaterina II, to noma mai kyau, kuma mai kyau da matansu da uwãyenku. Saboda haka, hukumomin da aka bude a birane da yawa ga 'yan mata na daraja asalin: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, ba shakka, Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg.

al'adu

Bil Adama karni na 19th a Rasha, a farkon rabin, da wani babban jama'a sha'awa suka fara samar a tarihi, da kuma kafa na Moscow Society of Tarihi da kuma Antiquities. Har ila yau ban sha'awa da aka nuna a cikin general tarihi da kuma harsuna, ciki har da Slavonic, nazarin kasar Sin, wanda ya kaddamar da samar da littattafai da kuma periodicals.

Publishing ya zama Popular, kuma a 1809, da makamantansu buga 68 mujallu na daban-daban batutuwa da 9 jaridu. akwai translation aiki, da kuma 'yan asalin zama matsahi na saba da waje adabi a sakamakon gano da kuma ci gaban bugu.

Ya kamata mu ma ambaci Rasha adabi, lokacin da kasar koya game da Pushkin, Nekrasov da Turgenev. A wannan lokacin, ya tashe batutuwa kamar wuri na kananan mutum daga cikin ƙananan azuzuwan, amma a lokaci guda, sung jama'a hadisai a baka da kuma rubuta form.

Kimiyya, da ilimi (19th karni, rabi na biyu, Rasha)

The biyu da rabi, a lokacin da feudalism ba hanya zuwa jari hujja, na bukatar wani mataki na ci gaba, ba kawai daga ilimi mutane, amma kuma tsakanin talakawa da ma'aikata, da ba da ilimi da fari ya shãfe a kan waɗanda suke sassa cewa suna hade da wata al'ada rayuwa.

Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka gudanar a wuya yanayi, a lokacin da wuri ne kiyaye ko da feudalism, aka tsananta ne da autocracy, da kuma Rasha da masana kimiyya, marubuta da kuma artists yi aiki tuƙuru.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi ta taimaka wajen ci gaba da kimiyya nisa gaba lokacin da Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen da kokawa, yana da lokaci zuwa yantar da mutane daga serfdom. Duk wannan ya spurred masana kimiyya ya sa mai girma binciken domin amfanin jama'a.

shahararren masana kimiyya

The biyu da rabi na karni na 19th ne halin daga ra'ayi na kimiyya a matsayin ci gaban da kimiyyar yanayin halitta, kamar kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, sunadarai, ilmin dabbobi da labarin kasa. Da irin bukatar da aka ƙaddara da bukatun rayuwa na zamani da samarwa da kuma son tsarkake masana kimiyya jihar nasarori da kuma binciken da shi ne, wannan shi ne labarin da Rasha kimiyya. 19th karni, na farko, "ya gabatar da" masana kimiyya kamar Pafnutii Chebyshev, wadanda suka yi kokarin danganta matsalolin da na lissafi da kuma kimiyyar yanayin halitta sanya gano ka'idar inji da sunadaran.

A shahararren wakilin duniya na masanin kimiyyar wata mace, Sofia Kovalevskaya, wanda ba zai iya samun wata dace da ilimi a Rasha kuma ya tafi kasashen waje, inda ta samu digiri na uku a lissafi. Duk da haka, ta wakilta Rasha, da kuma ta ayyukan da aka gane a duniya.

Kimiyya a karni na 19th a Rasha ya cimma m nasara a kimiyyar lissafi, godiya ga masana kimiyya kamar Alexander Stoletov, suka yi karatu magnetism da photoelectric mamaki, kazalika da aiki a matsayin wani malami domin a shekara talatin, shugaban sashen Moscow Jami'ar Jihar.

Ya kamata mu ma ambaci Rasha Dmitri sunadarai Mendeleev, da masanin kimiyya ya gano na lokaci-lokaci dokar sinadaran abubuwa.

Sake fasalin a ilimi

Da zarar a kasar, akwai mutane da yawa da shuke-shuke da kuma masana'antu, wanda ake bukata m mutane suka sami damar karanta, rubuta, fahimtar inji bukatar canje-canje a cikin ilimi.

mai yawan sake fasalin da aka za'ayi, wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da a coci makarantu, biyu-shekara da shekaru hudu makarantar firamare. Zemsky kuma bude makarantun firamare, inda wata mafi m shirin na nazari, da kuma Lahadi makaranta domin manya suka yi binciken da wasika bayan aiki.

A kimiyya na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th a Rasha kira ga fadada daga cikin cibiyar sadarwa na horo a sakandare da kuma manyan makarantu. A biranen (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev) jami'o'i suka buɗe, fasaha cibiyoyi da dama m da kwalejojin.

Amma da tsarist gwamnatin impeded ilimi, da kuma sosai kadan ya bude, har ma a makarantun firamare, don haka Rasha na daya daga cikin na karshe wurare a rubuce-rubuce. By karshen karni rubuce-rubuce kudi na kawai 28%, yayin da a tsakanin mata shi ne kawai 17%.

Schools ga mata

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, kawai da wakilan da tsada a cikin farkon rabin karni samu a kalla wasu da ilimi, inda suka sanar da harsuna, mai kyau hali, kuma housekeeping. Kimiyya a karni na 19th a Rasha mata wani abu ba na gaskiya ba, kuma m, musamman ga su kasance - koya karanta, rubuta, kuma da kyau bayyana.

Makarantun firamare da sakandare domin talakawa mata kusan bai wanzu har da 60-ies. Makarantun da suka fara bayyana a 70s, amma sannu a hankali sosai, da kuma kudin shiga ga jami'o'i da aka gaba daya rufe zuwa mata daga kowane aji.

Saboda da zamantakewa motsi, shi da aka bude da dama mata manyan makarantu, likita Darussan, amma kafin juyin juya halin na karni na 20th mata ba a wani daidaita matsayi.

A ci gaba da al'adu a cikin karni na 19th Rasha

A peculiar alama na kasar shi ne cewa a bango na jahilci a yawan da yawan da wani babban kudi na raya kasa na kimiyya, inda akwai fice bude wa duniya a general.

Babban abu da aka yi a cikin al'adu, kamar yadda shi ne halittar tarin na ayyuka a cikin tarihi na Rasha daga zamanin da zuwa yanzu lokaci (na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th), wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Academician Sergeem Solovevym, a 29 kundin. Wannan tarin , da kuma a yau ne mafi kayatarwa a tarihin kasar.

A wannan lokacin, akwai aka san su duka Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, wanda ya tashe fiye da 200,000 kalmomi. Bugu da kari ga kalmomi a littafin an hada da karin magana da faxin, kazalika da takamaiman terminology.

Karatu Rasha adabi tsunduma marubuci AN Afanasiev sami daraja da kuma aiki na Rasha Falsafa, wanda kuma karatu da tsoho Rasha adabi da almara, da Academician Buslaeva.

Bil Adama a cikin karni na 19th a Rasha zo a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da hadaddun na gurguzu matakai, idan akwai rikicin siyasa, Brewing wani canji na gwamnati, da kuma mutane suna neman hanyoyin da kara raya kasar, wanda aka nuna a cikin adabi, wanda aka raba uku yankunan: m hakikanci, proletarian adabi da kuma zamani .

Sakamako na karni na 19th

Domin Rasha, cikin karni na 19th an m, sosai bambancin, iri-irin da sabanin a duk duniyoyin rayuwa, daga rayuwar manoma, wanda ya zama free kawai zuwa karshen karni, da kuma kawo karshen tare da sarautar hudu sarakuna, kowane a cikin wani abu yi kyau, amma in wani abu shi ne mai cikakken gazawar. Duk da haka, da kimiyya na farko da rabi na karni na 19th a Rasha, kazalika da na biyu, halin da so da masana kimiyya ya isa unprecedented Heights, duk da dukan matsaloli cewa hampered da ci gaba. A ko'ina cikin karni yin binciken da yin yau a duk yankunan da fasahar ne a matakin qarshe.