Hydrocarbons - a ... cikakken hydrocarbons. azuzuwan hydrocarbons

Wannan rukuni na abubuwa sun hada da man fetur da kuma methane, iskar gas. Su iri-iri ne mai girma. Wannan, ba shakka, game da hydrocarbons. Yana da duka daya daga cikin na kowa da mafi nemi bayan abubuwa bil'adama. Me suka wakilta? Yana da daraja ambaton, kamar yadda aka fada a 9th sa sunadarai.

hydrocarbons

Wannan aji na kayan hadawa da dama mahadi, mafi yawan abin da ya dade da aka samu nasarar amfani da nasu dalilai wani mutum. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa carbon ne mai sauqi ta samar da sunadarai shaidu, musamman hydrogen, sabili da haka akwai irin wannan iri-iri. Ba tare da shi, rayuwa ba zai yiwu ba a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da muka san shi.

Hydrocarbons - wani abu kunsha na biyu abubuwa carbon da hydrogen. Su kwayoyin iya zama ba kawai mikakke amma kuma branched da kuma siffar rufe madaukai.

rarrabuwa

Carbon suranta hudu shaidu, da kuma hydrogen - daya. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa su ne rabo ko da yaushe 1 to 4. Gaskiyar ita ce tsakanin carbon atoms iya zama ba kawai guda amma kuma biyu da sau uku shaidu. A cewar wannan qa'idar rarrabe azuzuwan na hydrocarbons. A cikin farko idan wadannan abubuwa suna kira da iyaka (ko alkanes), da kuma na biyu - unsaturated ko unsaturated (alkenes da alkynes for biyu da uku links bi da bi).

Wani rarrabuwa samar da shawara na kwayoyin. A wannan yanayin rarrabe aliphatic hydrocarbons, waxanda suke da mikakke tsari, da kuma carbocyclic, rufaffiyar kewaye. Wadannan bi da bi ya kasu kashi alicyclic kuma aromatic.

Bugu da kari, hydrocarbons sukan yi wa Polymerization - aiwatar da abin da aka makala na m kwayoyin da juna. A sakamakon haka ne gaba daya sabon abu, sabanin da tushe. An misali ne polyethylene samu daga ethylene kawai. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai a lokacin da ta je unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Tsarin, wanda kuma ya kamãta da wani aji na unsaturated, ana yin amfani da su free radicals hašawa da kuma sabon kwayoyin halitta wanin hydrogen. A wannan yanayin, da samu wasu kwayoyin abubuwa: alcohols, amines, ketones, esters, sunadarai, da dai sauransu. Amma shi ne gaba daya raba theme a cikin sunadarai ...

misalai

Hydrocarbons - wata babbar iri-iri abubuwa, ko da shan la'akari da rarrabuwa. Duk da haka, yana da daraja a takaice jerin sunayen mahadi kunshe a wannan manyan aji.

1. Cikakken hydrocarbons - shi ne methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, da dai sauransu A farko da kuma na uku suna iya zama saba, har ma da wadanda suke ba musamman m zuwa sunadarai ... Don haka ya kira quite na kowa iri gas.
2. A alkenes (olefins) aji hada ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene da kuma kama. D.
3. Don da alkynes ne ethyne (acetylene), propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, da sauransu. D.
4. Ba zato ba tsammani, da biyu da sau uku shaidu iya zama guda. A wannan yanayin, irin Tsarin ne alkadienyl da alkadiinam. Amma da yawa kamata ba delve.
5. Amma hydrocarbons, tsarin da aka rufe, domin suna da nasu sunayen: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes da cycloalkynes.
6. Da farko Names: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, da dai sauransu ...
7. A karo na biyu aji hada cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene da kuma kama. D.
8. A karshe cycloalkynes, ba ta halitta abin da ke faruwa. Mun yi yunkurin haduwa su na dogon lokaci da kuma na dogon lokaci, kuma shi ne kawai a farkon na XX karni. Cycloalkynyl kwayoyin kunshi akalla 8 carbon atoms. Tare da wani karami adadin a fili kawai m saboda da yawa danniya.
9. Akwai fagen fama (aromatic hydrocarbons), cikin sauki, kuma ya fi kowa na wanda wakilin benzene. Har ila yau a cikin wannan aji hada naphthalene, Furan, thiophene, indole, da sauransu. D.

Properties

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da hydrocarbons - wata babbar dama daban-daban abubuwa. Saboda haka, don magana game da na kowa dukiya da ɗan m, domin irin wannan shi ne ba a can.

A wannan alama a duk hydrocarbons za a iya daukan har da abun da ke ciki. Kuma ma da cewa a farkon kowane layi, kamar yadda yawan carbon atoms, da miƙa mulki daga gaseous da ruwa tsari zuwa wani m.

Akwai wani kwatankwacinsa: duk hydrocarbons da kyau flammability. A wannan yanayin da yawa zafi, samar da carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa.

halitta kafofin

Kamar sauran ma'adanai, wasu hydrocarbons ne a cikin nau'i na adibas da kuma reserves a cikin ɓawon burodi. A musamman, da suka hada da girma daga man fetur da kuma iskar gas. Wannan a fili gani a aiki na karshen: a cikin tsari saki m yawa daga abubuwa, mafi yawan abin da nufin musamman zuwa hydrocarbons. Gas gaba ɗaya don 80-97% yawanci kunsa da methane. Bugu da ƙari kuma, methane da aka samar a lokacin bazuwar na Organic sharar gida da kuma saura, saboda haka cewa nunarsa ba gabatar da wani babban matsala.

Sauran hydrocarbon kafofin - dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wadanda abubuwa wanda ba faruwa a yanayi, za a iya shirya daga sauran mahadi ta hanyar sinadaran halayen.

da yin amfani da

Hydrocarbons wasa mai babbar rawa a cikin rayuwa ta zamani daga mutãne. Man fetur da kuma iskar gas sun zama mai matukar muhimmanci da hanya, tun da suka zama a matsayin man fetur da makamashi. Amma wannan ba kawai hanyoyin da yin amfani da mahadi daga wannan aji. Hydrocarbons - a zahiri duk abin da na kewaye da mutane a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. Tare da Polymerization ya iya samu sabon kayan na yi domin daban-daban iri robobi, yadudduka, da dai sauransu kananzir, kaushi, Paint da varnish kayayyakin, waxes, kwalta, kwalta, bitumen, da kuma cewa ke ba kirgawa babbar mai ladabi kayayyakin - .. Daga fetur da kuma man gas.

Darajar da wadannan kayan ne babban. Kamar yadda unsaturated da cikakken hydrocarbons - daruruwa da dubban abubuwa to wanda kowa da kowa yana amfani da su da kuma ba zai iya yi ba tare da su a cikin sauki da yanayi. Musamman wuya a ki su yi amfani da, ko da shan la'akari da cewa da man fetur da kuma iskar gas gudanar fita kamar yadda manazarta hango ko hasashen. Riga, mutane wani aiki search for madadin makamashi kafofin, amma babu wani daga cikin zabin da ba tukuna nuna irin wannan dace da kuma versatility kamar yadda hydrocarbons.