Gabobin homologue: da misalai da kuma shaida ga juyin halitta

Modern nazarin halittu kimiyya yana da isasshen shaida mai tabbatar da wanzuwar wani tsari na juyin canji na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Daya daga cikinsu - a gabobin homologue, misalai na wanda za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

shaida juyin halitta

A kwayoyin duniya na wannan duniya tamu ne kawai ban mamaki domin da iri-iri. All rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne haka daban-daban cewa gaskiya da shawara da hadin kai na asalin shi ne wuya. Duk da haka, wannan yana da dama shaida. A farko wuri - ne kama da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, wato kasancewar kwayoyin sunadarai, lipids, carbohydrates da kuma nucleic acid. All wakilan mulkokin hali, ban da ƙwayoyin cuta, suna da wani salon salula tsarin.

Amfrayo ci gaban vertabrate

Kira kimiyya na embryology tayi ci gaba. Binciken masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa farkon cin gaban vertabrate ba bambanta da juna. Notochord, na tsarin jijiya tube, da gill slits a cikin makogwaro - duk wadannan siffofin, akwai tsuntsaye, da kifi, da kuma mutane. A cikin shakka daga m ci gaban da daban-daban azuzuwan da kwayoyin sha metamorphosis.

Morphological shaida ga juyin halitta

Daya daga cikin manyan shaida daga cikin tsarin juyin halitta ne kama a cikin tsarin da sassa daban-daban na jiki. Wannan yanayin da aka kira ilimin halittar jiki. A daukan hankali misali na dangantaka tsakanin mutum azuzuwan na vertabrate ne duckbill. Wannan dabba mai yawan siffofin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa. Haka kuma, da platypus yana da siffofin wakilan duk wadannan azuzuwan. Alal misali, wata dabba kuma ya mayar da da kwanciya qwai. A lokaci guda ya kawo sama da matasa tare da madara, kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa. Iyo webbed ƙafafunsa, da hanyar da ƙagauta da ruwa ta hanyar da baki da kuma mĩƙe hanci sanya shi kama da tsuntsu. Kuma shi samar da wani guba, kamar mutane da yawa masu rarrafe.

Homologue da kuma kama jikinsu

Wasu daga cikin gawawwakin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, duk da daban-daban ayyuka, da na kowa asalin. Alal misali, fis shuka antennae a haɗe zuwa support, da kuma murtsunguwa spines rage tsanani da danshin ruwa. Amma a lokuta biyu, wadannan Tsarin ne a gyara daga cikin ganyayyaki. Wannan sabon abu yana da wani sunan - da homology na gabobin.

Amma da allura barberry kuma rasberi ƙayayuwa da daban-daban asalin. A cikin farko idan shi ne a kaikaice ganye, da kuma na biyu - wanda aka samu shafi shuka nama. Irin wannan jikin ake kira kama. Broad fikafikan gaggafa da malam ma da daban-daban asalin. Ko da yake shi ne quite wuya a ƙayyade a duban farko, tun da duk wadannan Tsarin samar da jirgin. Amma tsuntsu ne modified forelimbs, da gashinsa. Kuma da fuka-fuki na kwari ne outgrowths na inuwõyi. Hakika suke located karkashin jiki da kuma ba su shiga a cikin jirgin.

Homologue da kuma irin jikin su ne kai tsaye shaida da na kowa asalin da dabbobi daban daban. Kuma da bambance-bambance a cikin halaye na su tsarin saboda da karbuwa ga daban-daban habitats da kuma rayuwa.

Abin da ake kira gabobin homologue: misalai

A mafi misali na homology ne gaban vertebrate reshe. Whale da dabbar dolfin flippers, tsuntsu fuka-fuki da jemage, mutum, ƙafa da mole kada yi daban-daban ayyuka. Amma su tsari ne irin wannan. Duk da wannan chordate vertebrate forelimbs, wanda ya kunshi sassa uku: kafada, hannu da dantse, kuma hannunka.

By homologue hukumomi suna ma gyaggyarawa da harbe na daban-daban shuke-shuke. Suna da gagarumin bambance-bambance a cikin waje tsarin da kuma ayyuka. Lily rhizome ya elongated internodes, dankalin turawa, tuber accumulates mai samar da ruwa tare da gina jiki, da kuma muhimmi farantin albasa ne dalilin kayyade da fleshy ganye. Duk da haka, gabobin homologue, misalai daga abin da muka riga muka bincika ne na hali mafaka tsarin. Amma dai ba duka! Ka yi la'akari da abin da ake kira gabobin homologue, shi kuma iya zama wani misali na gyare-gyare asalinsu. Karkashin kasa shuka gabobin kuma za a iya muhimmanci modified a daban-daban girma yanayi. Saboda haka, rutabagas da karas babban tushen karfe ne, da wadata da na gina jiki. Irin wannan amfanin gona a shekara ta ta farko ba nuna tsaba. A cikin kaka na m gabobin mutu, amma a kudi na cikin karkashin kasa tushen shuka da yake faruwa ta hanyar da sanyi kakar. Irin wannan canji shi ne amsar wannan tambaya da abin da ya ƙunshi wani gabobin homologue. Misalan wadannan ne - wannan shi ne ma iska, numfashi da kuma clinging ga asalinsu.

Rudiments da atavism

Morphological shaida juyin halitta ne ma gabobi marasa aiki. Waɗannan su ne sassa na shuke-shuke da dabbobi da suke tasowa. A cikin mutane, shi ne na uku fatar ido, na biyu jere na hakora, kazalika da tsokoki da cewa matsar da pinna.

ÃyõyinSa, m rudiments, shi ne throwback. Shi ne bayyanuwar dabiu na kakanninsa, bai musamman ga mutane da aka ba jinsunan. Kamar yadda wani misali, ci gaban coccygeal kashin baya multimammate, m gashi girma a cikin mutane. Idan muka yi la'akari da dabba, da suka atavism ne ci gaban da Hind wata gabar jiki a Whales da kuma macizai.

Saboda haka, gabobin homologue, misalai na abin da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin, tare da misalai, rudiments da atavism ne morphological shaida daga cikin tsarin juyin halitta. Wadannan cututtuka faruwa a duka dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. Gabobin homologue kira Tsarin cewa da na kowa shirin tsarin, amma ya bambanta a cikin ayyuka yi. A gaban wani mutum da aka jera halayen tabbatar da asalin daga dabbobi a sakamakon juyin canji.