Cyclic cikakken hydrocarbons: yadda yake da shirye-shiryen. cycloalkanes

A wannan labarin, za mu duba a samun cycloalkanes da kuma siffofin su tsari. Bari mu yi kokarin bayyana halayyar Properties daga cikin wadannan abubuwa, dangane da fasali na tsarin.

tsarin

Don fara nazarin tsarin da ya ce aji na Organic hydrocarbons. All cyclic mahadi kasu kashi carbocyclic da heterocyclic jinsunan.

Na biyu kungiyar ne a cikin rufaffiyar madauki uku carbon atoms. Heterocyclic guda mahadi wasu fiye da carbon a cikin kwayoyin ma dauke da sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen.

Akwai rabo carbocyclic aromatic mahadi da alicyclic abu.

alicyclic abubuwa

Wadannan sun hada da cycloalkanes. Chemical kaddarorin da kuma shirye-shiryen daga cikin wadannan abubuwa suna m daidai da wata rufaffiyar tsarin wannan aji na hydrocarbons.

Alicyclic kira wadanda abubuwa da da daya ko fiye da wadanda ba aromatic yanayi hawan keke. Shiri kuma Amfani da cycloalkanes an dauki cikin sharuddan da dangantaka da alicyclic fili.

rarrabuwa

A sauki wakilin wannan aji na hydrocarbons ne cyclopropane. A da tsarin kawai uku carbon atoms. Wakilai daga cikin homologue jerin ake kira, a Bugu da kari, da kuma paraffins. Bisa ga sinadaran da jiki Properties ne kama da cikakken hydrocarbons. A kwayoyin dauke da guda shaidu kafa matasan orbitals. A cycloalkanes irin hybridization sp3.

A] aukacin abun da ke ciki bayyana ta da dabara SnN2n aji. Wadannan mahadi interclass isomers ethylenic hydrocarbons.

Kamar yadda na yanzu na kasa da kasa nomenclature na canzawa, tare da lakabi na wakilan da aji ƙara prefix "cyclo" to da ya dace yawan hydrocarbon kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, misali, sama cyclohexane, cyclopentane. M samar da nomenclature sunan ga yawan rufaffiyar methylene kungiyoyin CH2. Saboda wannan, shi za a kira su trimethylene cyclopropane da cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Domin wannan aji na gudanar da mahadi halin da tsarin isomerism game da yawan carbon atoms a cikin zobe, da kuma Tantancewar isomerism.

ilimi zažužžukan

Yanzu la'akari da yadda da liyafar. Cycloalkanes za a iya samu a hanyoyi da dama, dangane da abin da irin a fara abu zaba domin sinadaran canji. Za mu bincika da babban zabin paraffin kira.

Saboda haka, abin da suka samu? Cycloalkanes kafa ta cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh cikakken hydrocarbons. Hakazalika chemically samar hudu da uku-membered zobe. Alal misali, cyclopropane. Bari mu bincika shirye-shiryen - cycloalkanes, wanda su ne na farko da wakilan na homologue jerin suna kafa ta mataki na ƙarfe magnesium ko tutiya digalogenproizvodnuyu m alkane.

Da kuma yadda za ka iya samar da wata biyar-membered da shida-membered cyclic mahadi, da aiwatar da su da samun? Cycloalkanes da yadda da yawa carbon atoms a cikin tsarin don ƙirƙirar wani wajen wuya, tun saboda da conformation wata matsala tare da cyclization na kwayoyin. Wannan sabon abu ne saboda free juyawa daga cikin C-C, wanda muhimmanci rage da alama na cyclic fili. Domin samuwar wadannan wakilan cycloalkanes kamar fara kayan ne 1,2- ko 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye m alkane.

Daga cikin hanyoyin paraffin kira aiwatar da ma bambanta decarboxylation na dicarboxylic acid da kuma salts daga gare ta. Five- da shida-membered cycloalkanes shirya intermolecular sandaro.

Daga cikin takamaiman hanyoyin domin su samuwar ambaci dauki tsakanin alkenes da carbenes, tanadi oxygenated Kalam tsiklosoedineny.

sinadaran Properties

All yiwu hanyoyi na samun cycloalkanes da su interactions aka ƙaddara da peculiarities na sinadaran tsarin. Ba da kasancewar wani cyclic tsarin, a cikin babban Properties daga cikin sinadaran dauki na hydrogen cycloalkanes zaži connection (hydrogenation), ta kawar (dehydration).

Domin da halayen amfani da wani mai kara kuzari, kamar yadda shi ne platinum, palladium iya aiki. An mayar da martani a wani dagagge zafin jiki, da darajar dogara a kan zobe size. A mataki a kan cyclic hydrocarbon kwayoyin da UV sakawa a iska mai guba, za a iya mayar da martani chlorination (chlorine Bugu da kari).

Kamar dukan wakilan na gudanar da mahadi, cycloalkane ne iya shiga cikin konewa dauki, ta samar da carbon dioxide bayan da dauki, ruwa tururi. Wannan dauki tana nufin exothermic matakai tun tare da saki da isasshen zafi.

ƙarshe

Paraffins an rufe hydrocarbon mahadi kafa daga digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes ko wasu kwayoyin mahadi. Features na tsarin m asali sinadaran Properties cycloalkanes, su aikace-aikace. Yafi suna amfani da kwayoyin kira don samar da oxygenated gudanar da mahadi.