Don (kogi). The mafi ban sha'awa game da daya daga cikin mafi majestic waɗansu kõguna na Turai

Don shi ne daya daga cikin manyan waterways kudu Rasha a fili. Ya baya aiki da kuma ci gaba da bauta wa da wannan rana tushen wahayi ga da yawa m hankali: .. Artists, kasida, marubuta, da dai sauransu A tushen Don River, fãra a yankin Tula. Bugu da ari, shi rushes raƙumanta ta hanyar Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd da Rostov yankuna. Samun fairly dogon da Tuddan hanya, da Don River gudana a cikin Gulf of Taganrog, ƙara zuwa ruwanta Tekun Azov.

A halaye na ruwa jiki

Don - kogi ne na hali kwaruruka waterway a cikin steppe zone. Its tsawon shi ne a shekara ta 1870 km, da daron yanki - 422.000 murabba'in kilomita. A talakawan amfani da ruwa a karkashin yanayi - 900 cubic mita biyu. Saba'in cikin dari na kwarara faruwa a lokacin da Ruwan Tsufana lokaci. Daskare-up a cikin sama kai na kogin ya fara a watan Nuwamba da kuma yana har tsakiyar watan Afrilu, da kuma a cikin ƙananan ya kai - daga farkon watan Disamba zuwa marigayi Maris. A hydrological tsarin mulki na kogin ya halartar wani gagarumin canji na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da sauran gine-gine da tattalin arziki da ayyukan zamani mutum. Ga gina Nicholas, Constantine da Kochetovskaya, kazalika da fairly manyan Tsimlyansk tafki. Shipping farawa a bakin Pine, ta tsawon shi ne 1600 km. A cikin manya kai na cikin Don zuwa inflow na ruwa Voronezh tsabta, m gurbatawa da wani lokacin sosai datti. Ta hanyar wannan majestic kogin gudanar da wani mashahuri yawon shakatawa hanya - daga Moscow zuwa Rostov-on-Don.

Garuruwa da aikin gandu

A 5200 Dong gudana mafi aikin gandu, babban wadanda kasancewa Donets, Black Kalitva, Pine, Voronezh, Bityug, Bear, Ilovlya, West Manych, Hopper da Sal. A kan bankunan na kogin ya ta'allaka da yawa birane da garuruwa. The most of su - Kalach-on-Don, Rostov-na-Donu, Volgodonsk, Azov, Liski da sauransu. Saboda babban yawan, masana'antu da kuma noma, ruwa ci a cikin kogin da farkon 90-ies karni na karshe ya kasance fiye da 15 km ³ / shekara, da yin amfani da ruwa - 10 cubic kilomita, na da 5.8 km ³ ciyar a kan samar da bukatun, 2, 4 cubic kilomita - das hi don bayi. Duk da haka, nan da karshen 90s a sakamakon tattalin arziki da rikicin (rage samar da kuma lalata aikin noma), ruwa amfani ya rage da kusan rabi.

"Our Bread Winner, Uba Don I."

Waɗannan su ne zantuttukan na zamanin d songs na Don Cossacks, wanda ya koma zuwa ga ƙananan kai na kogin. Wanne ne kawai epithets ba baiwa Don mutanen da suke zaune a kan ta gaba. Wannan "kalaman memory," da kuma "kogi na lokacin," da kuma "source wahayi" da "kogin shiru Don ', da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Dalili na duk wadannan Concepts ne ko da yaushe wani tushen ruwa, a spring tseren. Yana da daidaituwa ba kakanninsu sa a asalin da majestic ɗakin sujada koguna. Ta haka ne a kananan fontanelle, wanda ta fara da wani waterways, ya zama a wuri mai tsarki. Wannan Novomoskovsk, inda Don yana ta asalin a 1989 ya da wani abin tunawa da wannan babban ruwa jiki na kasar mu - da "source na kogin Don." Yana da wani sassaka - biyu a tsiraice boys a kan doki. Su alamar 'yan'uwa biyu, da biyu koguna - da kuma Don Shat tasowa daga Ivan Lake.

A kaleidoscope al'umma

Don - kogin, dauke da ruwanta na shekaru dubbai. Da mabambantan mutane da suke zaune a kan ta gaba, maye gurbin juna, da kuma ya gudanar da kuma gudanar da ... A cikin tarihin na rubuta daban-daban sunayen da aka ba shi a wani musamman zamanin - cewa na Iran, da kuma Tanais, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. A cikin uku karni BC zuwa Don kogin banki, a kusa da wuri na zamani Rostov, zo Greek natsuwa, da kuma kafa wani mallaka. Yana da aka mai suna da sunan ruwa jiki - Tanais. Bisa ga tsoho Helenawa, da kogin raba Turai da kuma Asiya. Hakika, ba lallai ba ne su kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi, domin ko da a cikin karni na sha takwas tunani don haka da yawa Rasha masana kimiyya. Kuma ko da mai girma Lomonosov M. V. a cikin aikinsa "A da yadudduka na duniya," ya rubuta cewa Urals kamata ba za a ɗauke su da iyaka tsakanin Asiya da Turai, da Caucasus yankin saboda Don - shi ne mai mabanbanta gaskiya. Kuma a yau, duk da bayyana shubuha a cikin wannan al'amari, babu, babu, a kuma "fita" wannan ra'ayi. Saboda haka version tare da Caucasus ya ba tukuna tafi a cikin tarihin tarihi.

A lokacin farko Millennium AD iko da yankin mallakar farko da Huns, sa'an nan suka maye gurbinsu da Khazars. A zama na tara karni, a yankin na zamani Tsimlyansk tafki da aka gina kagara Sarkel. Ta kare da ke arewa maso yammacin iyakar da Khazar Khanate har 1117. Lokaci mana kudin zuwa wannan zamanin da kagara, a farkon karni na karshe, ta burbushi wuya ganewar (yanzu wadannan yankunan suna flooded ruwan Tsimlyansk tafki).

XIII - XVI karni

A cikin goma sha uku karni, Don (kogin) tsira da mamayewa na Golden taro, wanda hallaka dukan nomadic ƙauyuka. Duk da haka, ko da bayan shekara ɗari da shi ya sake fara sabunta cinikayya. Whole jerin jiragen ruwa suka kõma zuwa birnin Tana, a lokacin da Genoese mallaka (yau Azov) - shi ne mai cibiyar da bawa. A lokacin daga cikin goma sha biyar zuwa karni na sha shida, a cikin ƙananan kai na cikin Don Cossacks fara fito fili. Saboda haka, a cikin 1570 ya samu na farko wuri a tsakanin sauran irin abokai - domin na yawan shekaru. A kan lokaci da shi ya zama mafi yawa daga duk data kasance Cossack sojojin. Don daredevils sun kyau tsari, kuma sun kasance quite tsanani karfi cewa tilasta za a lasafta tare. Haka, sun zama akai ciwon kai ga Romanovs, shi ne a cikin wannan yanayi ya tashi da wani ruhu na girman, 'yanci da kuma wani heightened ji na gaskiya.

XVII- XVIII karni

Tare da 1670 a 1671 shekaru, Don (kogi) yana fuskantar wani Cossack tawaye tashe ta Stepanom Razinym. Wannan yunkuri ya gaske "m da tausayi", tare da looting da kuma tashin hankali. Duk da haka, bayan da kisan Razin a kan Bolotnaya Square a Moscow, Don ya ba su samu kwanciyar hankali. Kamar shekaru shida bayan wadannan abubuwan, akwai barke wani sabon tawaye a karkashin jagorancin Kondratiem Bulavinym. Yana da aka jawo da wani aiki search for runaway serfs. Bayan da danniya na haddin shari'a cikin Don Cossacks ya rasa wani bangare na ƙasarsu, wasu Cossacks Hijira zuwa Kuban, da Danube, da sauransu - a Romania da kuma a cikin Turkey. Serfs aka mayar da su zuwa ga masu shi.

A karni na ashirin

A Soviet sau, kogin ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan waterways karkashin gini masana'antu. Babban ƙarfin tsiwirwirinsu Donbass - a yankin dake kan bankunan na Seversky Donets River - dama tributary da Don. Bugu da kari ga riga data kasance a nan tun lokacin da marigayi karni na sha tara ci mahakar aka gina aikin injiniya da kuma metallurgical shuke-shuke, abinci da haske masana'antu, da sinadaran shuke-shuke. A yi Tsimlyansk hydroelectric iko tashar da dam fara a 1948.

Description navigable siffofin majestic kogin

Don Shipping farawa a Voronezh da kuma Tekun Azov. Kuma kogin da aka aiki tirelessly. Wannan waterway ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai na kasar, bayan da irin wannan Refayawa matsayin Volga da Urals. Domin Don za a iya raba sassa uku: babba, tsakiya da kuma ƙananan. Saboda haka, na farko na wanda aka yada daga tushen zuwa bakin, da kuma ambaliya na shuru Pine. Next zuwa garin Kalach-on-Don ne talakawan. A karshe, na karshe kashi ne dake tsakanin Tsimlyansk tafki da Taganrog Bay. A general, wannan kogi ne da wuya a kewaya, domin shi ne quite tortuous hanya, bi da bi, da kuma nazari ba cikakke. Bugu da kari, akwai m yankunan. Kuma a Lower Don skippers da yin wani sosai wayo twists: da kida da kuma Kakakin gargadi - wannan ba duk, daya ba daidai ba tafi da dabaran, kuma za ka iya ha taso ne saboda na juya jirgin ruwa. Wannan shine Don River. Rostov-on-Don bada Yunƙurin zuwa yankin Neja Delta yankin da 340 murabba'in kilomita. Cikin kogin da aka raba yawa tashoshi da hannayen riga, wanda ake kira a cikin gida - da kuma Erik girla, daga gare su, mafi - Calancea, Topsy-Turvy da Matattu Donets. A cikin hunturu da kogin da aka rufe a lokacin farin ciki Layer na kankara, da talakawan daskare-up na iya wuce wa uku da rabi watanni. A lokacin da Ruwan Tsufana ruwa matakin yakan muhimmanci, ko da yake ga mafi part da tekun ne m, amma akwai ma low-kwance wurare. Saboda haka da spring ambaliyar ruwa a kan Don - mai kowa sabon abu.

tarihi tashar

A ra'ayin hada biyu m tashar waterways (Volga da Don), sabili da haka, da Azov da Caspian Sea, ya ziyarci Turkiyya Sultan Selim II, wanda ya yi tafiya a cikin karni na sha shida a Astrakhan. Duk da haka, a gane shi, ya iya ba. Bayan wannan shirin Peter kama wuta, amma Great Arewa War shagala da shi daga ra'ayin. Daga baya (har 1917), Rasha injiniyoyi sun shirya fiye da talatin da tashoshi na yi ayyukan, duk da haka, wadannan tsare-tsaren ma bai zo da gaskiya domin dalilai da yawa. Kuma a cikin kwanaki na Tarayyar Soviet, da aikin da aka aiwatar. A shekara ta 1952, a rikodin lokaci (a cikin shekaru hudu), da gina wani navigable Volga-Don Canal aka kammala. Yana da aka gina a kan site na Volgograd zuwa Kalach-on-Don, a wannan lokaci na kogin converge a kan m nisa - 80 km. Babu wani daga na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin da duniya wannan girma da aka bai halitta a cikin irin wannan gajeren lokaci. A sakamakon haka, da tashar commissioning na Volga da kuma Don samu damar zuwa biyar tekuna: Tekun Azov, Baltic, White, Caspian da kuma Black. Lokaci guda tare da yi na waterworks aka gina Tsimlyansk tafki da hydroelectric iko tashar.

Kifi River Don

Nominally, wannan kogin da aka samu fiye da saba'in jinsunan kifaye. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a sakamakon gagarumin tabarbarewar a yankin ta muhalli (mai spills, datti, m yaduwar blue-kore algae), da yawa daga cikinsu ya koma cikin category na sosai rare. Wannan sturgeon, sturgeon, beluga. Bugu da kari, da m kuma thins fitar da yawan catfish. Alal misali, shekara ashirin da suka wuce da na je a fadin lokutta inda nauyi ya 10 kg. Yanzu kama catfish yin la'akari 2-3 kg - wannan shi ne rabo babba. Mafi sau da yawa za ka iya samun Pike, irin kifi, bream, rudd, damuwa, burbot, oatmeal. A nan ne mai kama kifi! The River Don ne arziki a kifi a cikin ƙananan ya kai, amma samu ne ma mai girma.