"Huygens-Cassini" - m interplanetary tashar: nazarin Saturn

Saturn - a duniya nazarin daya daga cikin taurari da hasken rana tsarin da aka kaddamar a 1973. American masana kimiyya interplanetary tashar da ake kira "Majagaba 11" An saki a cikin sarari. Wannan yarda mana mu koyi abubuwa da yawa game da m, kuma m duniyar tamu, duba da kyau da kuma gano surface. A tsawon lokaci, masana kimiyya sun gane cewa suna bukatar samun ƙarin bayani game da cosmic giant, amma na wani daban-daban yanayi. Kuma manufa na biyu da na'urorin "Cassini" da aka ɓullo da wannan manufa, "Huygens". Interest a duniya zai ba kawai ƙarin koyo game da halaye, amma zai iya zama farkon sabon bincike da kirkire-kirkire a duniya. Bugu da kari ga kyau images of Saturn, naúrar ma watsa bayanai a kan abun da ke ciki na kasar gona, da tsawo daga cikin daban-daban canji, kuma mafi muhimmanci, taimaka a kusa look at cikin giant sarari da tauraron dan adam. Zai yiwu koyo game da su, za mu iya warware da asirai na grand sararin samaniya, da kuma sun har yanzu yana da matukar, sosai.

Janar bayani game da na'ura

Don aika da Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka ya ciyar game da uku dala biliyan don gudanar da wani bincike na wani m duniya. Uku daga cikin mafi shahara da kuma talented kungiyar, binciko sarari, tsunduma a ci gaba da gina kayan aiki, a Bugu da kari, goma sha bakwai kasashe daban-daban da suka sashi a cikin tsari. Suka mayar da na'urar, wanda shi ne tsawo na goma mita da kuma jefa nauyi ne game da shida tons. Atomatik tashar "Huygens" aka sanye take da goma sha biyu kimiyya kida, kazalika da iyakacin duniya domin magnetometer da wayoyi tsawon na goma sha huɗu, kilomita. Yana daya daga cikin mafi tsada da kuma muhimmanci ga karatu da gudanar da halittu a lokacin.

The na'urar naúrar "Cassini"

Sadarwa da Earth ci gaba da Italian kamfanin. An sanye take da naúrar hudu-mita eriya. Saboda wurin da ya kasance yin amfani da hasken rana bangarori sun yanke shawarar kada su yi amfani, saboda ba za su kasance a can wani hankali. Maimakon haka, kamar yadda wani janareta na makamashi amfani da uku radioisotope thermoelectric janareta da. Sun cika talatin da uku kilo rediyoaktif plutonium musamman aiki a matsayin man fetur. Wannan adadin isa ga shekara ɗari biyu na aiki. Af, game da rabin da nauyin da tashar "Huygens-Cassini" ne da man fetur da wanda na'ura braked, ya tafi zuwa sararin samaniya na Saturn, da kuma gudanar da sauran zama dole ga manufa horar da.

"Huygens"

Wannan shi ne wata al'ada sarari bincike, wanda yayi niyyar yin halitta yana zuwa kasa kan giant watã - Titan. Yana sanye take da shida kida tsara musamman domin nazarin watã ta surface. Har ila yau, shi ne amphibious kamara, tsara don kamawa shimfidar da tauraron dan adam a lokacin wuya karatu da malamai. da nauyi ne 350 kilo. Hada da Cassini gudanar da hadin gwiwa jirgin, saboda manufa na biyu abubuwa ne kusa da juna.

jirgin

A 15 ga watan Oktoba, 1997 da ƙaddamar da tashar "Cassini" kuma a haɗe zuwa ta hawa "Huygens" don nazarin Saturn. Don aika tashar a sarari, da yin amfani da musamman m roka mai suna "Titan 4B". Bugu da kari, ya zama dole a yi amfani da ƙarin iko, tabbatar da hanzari na abu, wanda aka kira "Centaur". Da zarar na'urar da aka kamata su zo a Venus. Domin wannan shi ne wani jerin mahara haddasawa, saboda, kamar yadda suka faɗa da cosmonauts a cikin galaxy babu kai tsaye hanyoyi. Accelerating naúrar taimaki gravitational filin na uku taurari. Don kauce wa wasting albarkatun, yayin da ake tashi zuwa makõmarku, da tashar da ake amfani da kawai 'yan bisa dari na su m.

A farko hotuna

Na zo a kan Cassini Huygens hunturu na 2000. A sa'an nan da ya aiko zuwa ga Duniya farko images of Saturn a farkon kwata na da watã, jinsin mini ne ba a sani ba earthlings. The masu bincike kuma samu images na tauraron dan adam Phoebe, wanda bã kõme ba ne kasa da wata katuwar duniya, masana kimiyya suna sha'awar. Shi ne mai real abin mamaki, a karon farko mutane zai iya haka a fili ga sarari abu.

tauraron dan adam Phoebe

Godiya ga photos iya ganin cewa Fibi ne sosai kama a bayyanar da darajar da ɗari biyu da kilomita na asteroid, da kuma cewa ya yi ba daidai ba form. Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya sun koya da cewa mafi an yi shi da kankara, kuma yana da tsarin wani tauraro mai wutsiya. Wadannan bayanai masana kimiyya kusa da fahimtar asirai na Saturnian tsarin.

Sun tsananin haske a kan garin kankara zobba na Saturn

Bayan nasara da nisa zuwa Saturn, "Cassini" ya shiga madawwama biyu na duniya. Haka ya faru a tsakiyar lokacin rani na 2004. A hanyar da ya ci karo biyu kawai cikas, amma shi ba zai sa a musamman muhimmanci lalacewa. Kafin saukowa a duniya, ya naɗa 74 falakinsu kusa Saturn, shi ya ɗauki shi game da shekaru hudu. Amma a lokacin da wannan lokaci ya yi karatu da surface wata katuwar da kuma ta tauraron dan adam. Ya kamata a lura da cewa tashar tashi a kusa da Titan 45 sau.

The main manufofin

"Huygens", "Cassini" An aiko zuwa Saturn, don su bincika duniya, wato:

• Ƙayyade da tsarin da kuma sanin halayyar na duniya ta zobba.
• Koyi da ma'aunan kasa da tsari da kuma tarihin na amaryar wata na Saturn.
• Don san yanayi da kuma inda akwai wani duhu al'amari a daya daga cikin hemispheres na tauraron dan adam Iapetus.
• Don bincika tsarin da kuma magnetosphere hali.
• Don gudanar da bincike da tsarin da girgije da kuma koyi yadda za yanayi behaves.
• Žara koyo game da hazo da kuma gajimare ya rufe a kan Titan.
• Ƙayyade da yanayin da surface na Titan.

Tools a kan wata manufa

"Huygens", "Cassini" da aka sanye take da wani spectrometer zuwa duniya sun iya samun na'urar hada na duniya cards. Har ila yau ya kafa wani tsarin na shan hotuna "Radar". Tare da shi kuma auna tsawo daga abubuwa a duniya, kuma tauraron dan adam. "Radar" aiki ta amfani da sigina na rediyo, wanda ya nuna tauraron dan adam. Bugu da kari, ya saurari rediyo, wanda wallafa duniya. Ƙarin kayan aiki ya hada da: wani taro spectrometer ion da kuma tsaka tsaki gaɓũɓuwa, jini, da kuma igiyoyin rediyo magnetospheric kamara, wani ultraviolet spectrometer da wani infrared kamara, a magnetometer subsystem da makaman nukiliya RF janareta.

jirgin Chronicle

• 1997 - tashi daga Earth.
• 1998 - na farko rawar daji a Venus da halittar da yawa kyau da kuma tunawa da hotuna na duniya.
• 2000 - tashi da asteroid Masurski ta hanyar da tashar da muka gano cewa da diamita ne game da nisan kilomita 20, wanda matukar yin tasiri a kara bincike.
• 2000 - A watan Disamba, ya tafo da Jupiter, yin yawa launi hotuna da kuma gudanar da wata dama da muhimmanci karatu.
• 2001 - Tabbatar da dalilin da hazo a kan hanya daga Jupiter zuwa Saturn, wannan ne na farko ãyõyin shi a cikin ƙungiyar taurari na Pleiades.
• 2004 - tashi da Titan da kuma ganewa kriovulkana da nitrogen kankara gudãna daga shi, wanda ya zama wani abin mamaki a duniya na nazarin sararin samaniya.
• 2004 - a daren ranar 25 ga Disamba faru bincike reshe "Cassini".
• 2005 - "Cassini" nasarar zauna a Titan, kuma ya dauki sama da kashi da manufa.

manufa sakamakon

Da taimakon masana kimiyya gudanar da za su gudanar da wani gwaji don tabbatar da janar ka'idar dangantakar. A wannan lokaci, masu bincike lura mita motsi da kuma siginar da bata lokaci ba. A shekarar 2005 ya yiwu don nazarin mai magana da yawun na Saturn, amma shi bai taimake su su fahimci inji na ga halittarsu. An yi imani da cewa wadannan spokes an haife shi a shekara ta 2007. Bugu da kari, da na'urar da aka yarda su samu sabon tauraron dan adam na duniya Meto, Palen da Polidesis. Kuma a watan Mayu, da rata Keeler tarar da wani abokin, kira Daphnis, wannan shi ne karo na biyu da tauraron dan adam, wanda kewayewa ne a ciki da zobba na duniya. Yana da aka samu a ruwan kankara a farfajiya na Phoebe. Har ila yau, da masu bincike samu a cikin arewacin yammancin duniya na Titan ta ruwa hydrocarbon lake. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan shi ne karo na farko da masana kimiyya sun gano gawawwakin ruwa wani wuri kuma Duniya. Godiya ga bincike "Cassini" da ya zama sananne cewa su size dabam daga daya zuwa daruruwan kilomita. A shekarar 2007, an bayyana cewa, a cikin arewacin Titan saukar da wani babban taro na tekuna. A shekara kafin, masana kimiyya sun koya game da duk wani wuyar warwarewa, wanda ya hada da Saturn, "Cassini" same yanayi tsarin, wanda yake shi ne kyakkyawan hadari a 25 kilomita dubu.

tsawo da manufa

Yanke Shawara abin da zai faru da na'urar bayan shi ya kammala da manufa, masana kimiyya sun ɓullo da dama tatsuniyoyinsu ga tashar "Huygens-Cassini". A mafi fifiko kuma da ake so wani zaɓi, samarwa da Developers, ya karbo daga cikin na'ura a elongated madawwama biyu na Saturn. Its amfani shi ne cewa tashar za ta ci gaba da tashi a kewayen duniya a lokaci guda ba za ta iya fuskantar ta da tauraron dan adam, ko wasu matsalolin da ya iya shafar mutuncin ta.

Na biyu embodiment samarwa da ma'aikata na bincike cibiyar, shi ne gano tashoshin a cikin yanayi na Saturn. Amma akwai wani matsala a yi haka, zai yi rike da shi ta hanyar da duniyar tamu ta zobba. A wannan yanayin, yiwuwar samun asarar iko a kan na'urar, kuma daidai da, da kuma ba a sani ba rabo da ke jiran a Saturn "Cassini".

An kuma kawo shawara amfani da tashar don gano sauran wani sarari suKe abubuwa a cikin Kuiper bel, ciki har da Uranus kuma Neptune. Shan la'akari da stock na man fetur da kuma kayan aiki kit tashar sauƙi jimre da aiki da kuma a taimake su don ƙarin koyo game da kadan-san sassa na mu hasken rana tsarin.

Wata hanyar amfani da atomatik interplanetary tashar da aka gabatar da shi, a kan wani karo Hakika da Mercury. Masana kimiyya sun lasafta cewa shi ne quite yiwu, idan mun yi amfani da gravitational filin na Jupiter. Sa'an nan, ya za tashi zuwa duniyar tamu a gudun kilomita 20 a kowace awa, kuma ba tare da cutar da kansu da fuskantar talauci karatu batu. A cewar wadannan tsare-tsaren, game da 2021 mutane za su iya kara gano Mercury, tsarin, tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki.

Amma da tsai da shawara da aka dauka a shekara ta 2007 da cewa tashar zauna a kan madawwama biyu na Saturn. Kallo na duniya ne har yanzu gudana, da tauraron dan adam ci gaba da watsa hotuna na wannan ban mamaki giant a duniya, m mana sabon asĩri a cikin, m kuma duk da haka gaba daya ba a sani ba Saturn, da nisa zuwa wadda muka kasance a iya shawo kan tare da taimako daga shahararrun masana kimiyya da kuma ci gaban sha'awar ya san halittu. Hakika, yana ciyar da kudi mai yawa, lokaci da kuma kokarin, amma tare da cikakkiyar amincewa mu iya cewa shi ya daraja shi. Bayan duk, kamar yadda mu yi koyi game da duniya kewaye da mu, da kyau za mu iya fahimta da kanmu. nazarin sararin samaniya a shekara ta ci gaba, da kuma, wanda ya san, watakila na gaba manufa ga Saturn zai daina yi da aiki atomatik tashar, da kuma wani rukuni na kwararrun 'yan saman jannati. A cikin wani hali, da na'urar an yi ta zuwa sararin samaniya da kuma bude wa mutane ba kawai amfani bayanai, amma kuma da musamman images wannan m da kyau duniya.