Hindu haikali a India: gine, photo

Al'adu da kuma gine-gine na Indiya da aka kafa da yawa dubban shekaru dogara ne a kan wani yawan jama'a hadisai (fiye da 200), da kuma mai fadi da dama styles. Hindu Haikali yana da tarihin fiye da dubu huɗu da shekaru, amma har yanzu ta yi shi ne a karkashin hanya a kan wasu gine-gine da canons, da aka sani tun lokacin da.

tsoho haikalin

A zamanin d India gine-gine ginen gina na addini da wadanda mutane. Mafi sau da yawa amfani domin gina na itace, da yumɓun, domin ba su tsira zuwa zamaninmu. Stone fara gina kawai a arni na farko AD. A lokacin da gina duk tsananin yi daidai da Hindu al'ada texts. Don amsa wannan tambaya: yadda da gine-gine da siffofin da Hindu haikali ya samo asali a cikin shekaru dubbai da suka samu da tsari wanda ya tsira a yau, wajibi ne su fahimci irin majami'u.

The gine na Hindu Haikali yana da biyu iri:

1. Draviliysky style (Dravida), membobinsu na wanda shi ne babban dala-dimbin yawa hasumiya, ado da sassaka da ginshiƙai da siffofin sarakunansu, gumaka, warriors (da style na kudancin India). Dala tiers ake kullum rage a diamita sama, da kuma wani Dome (shikhara) located a saman. Irin wannan haikali ne m ga tsawo. Wadannan sun hada da Haikali Catarman da Baijnath.
2. Nagara style (na kowa a arewacin sassa na kasar) - tare da hasumiyai a cikin nau'i na amya (shikhara), hada da dama yadudduka na gine-gine da abubuwa, da kammala wanda yai kama wani "drum". The style Dates baya ga 5th karni n o A Z. A zuciya na cikin Haikali shirin - wani square, amma ado abubuwa ciki raba sararin samaniya da kuma ba da alama na roundness. A baya na tsakiyar gine-gine (Mandapam) da aka kewaye da kananan haikalin, kuma dukan tsarin zama na gani kamar wani marmaro.

Akwai kuma wani salon Visara, wanda hadawa da wasu abubuwa biyu, waɗannan, styles.

Babbar bambanci cikin wadannan iri majami'u - da girman da ƙõfõfi: a arewacin Ibada suka yi na sosai kananan size, da kuma a kudancin gina babbar kyau yi wa ado ƙofar (Gopuram), bude bakin ƙofar lambun na Indian Haikali. Sau da yawa, wadannan ƙofofin da aka yi wa ado da sculptures da fentin.

Yadda za a gina zamanin d gine-ginen

Hindu haikali a Indiya aka gina wata kayan da aka zaba dangane da gida ginin damar. Alal misali, a ɗakin lokaci Hoysalas 12-13 ƙarni - da yawa wuraren bauta da kuma na ado abubuwa - gina na roba soapstone. Saboda da plasticity na dutse daga zamanin d sculptors sun babbar dama don ƙirƙirar mai ban mamaki kayan ado na Ibada.

Conversely, Mamalapurama yankin inda shi ne gina haikalin na dutse, ba shi yiwuwa a yi mai kyau rawar soja bango saman. Haikalin ginin bulo, ana ma bambanta da ta stylistic fasali.

Hindu haikalin da aka ɗauki cikinsa, kuma gina a matsayin Haikalin Allah, duk da rabbai da reliefs a koyaushe aikata bisa ga canons. Musamman ban sha'awa shi ne hanya a cikin abin da gine-gine irin na Hindu haikali haifa ka'idodi na kimiyya Vastu Shastra, da gine-gine da kimiyya na zanawa da kuma gini majami'u. Ka'idojin wannan kimiyya ya ci gaba da almara m Vishvakarman, wanda a yanzu ake kira da Allah gwani.

Iri-iri na zamanin d haikalin

A mafi tsoho Ibada na gine-gine za a iya raba uku kungiyoyin:

1. Single-storey kananan a cikin wani nau'i na da'irar ko wani square, ba tare da superstructure.
2. Ibada kamar kogwanni, yawanci guda-storey tsarin da taso apse.
3. Tall gine-gine (6-12 benaye) gina a cikin nau'i na duniya tudu, ado superstructure-Shikhar.

induiststkogo haikali shirin ne sau da yawa gabatar a cikin nau'i na mandalas (lissafi zane-zane da yuwuwar, amma gefen damar). Movement bi a haikalin da za a directed daga waje zuwa ciki, zuwa ga cibiyar. Kuma mumini ke ba kai tsaye amma a wani roundabout hanya, ta hanyar "wasu ƙofofi, wurare," da kuma, a wani hanya yana jefar da duk ba dole ba, su zo, su tushe na zama.

A ciki layout na cikin Haikali

Hindu Haikalin, dating daga cikin 6th karni BC. e., shi yana da shirin rufe da wadannan Canon, shirya da ciki da kuma ibada.

A centerpiece bagaden a cikin Haikali nasa ne da dakin ibada (garbha graha), a kan abin da hasumiyar (shikhara) da aka gina. Next zuwa bagaden ne dakin taron, bi - da anti-daki, kuma ƙofar portico.

An muhimmin ɓangare na coci - Wuri Mai Tsarki Garbhagriha wakiltar square, ƙofar wanda aka wakilta wani kunkuntar da kuma low guda nassi, kofofin da windows a cikin dakin ba (da kuma sosai duhu). A cibiyar ne wanda aka nuna abin bautãwa. Around shi ne wani madauwari shakka a kan abin da aminci yi parikrama.

Da nassi ya haɗu da Wuri Mai Tsarki tare da babban zauren (Mukhamandapa). Har ila yau akwai wani kunkuntar nassi Antarala (manhole). Mandapa amfani ga addini bikin, saboda dakin da aka gina wani lokacin quite manyan, to sa duk da aminci.

Kafin shiga Haikali ne kullum dabba (da sculptures ko image flag) ga abin da haikali an sadaukar. Wannan na iya zama wani bijimin (Shiva Haikali), zaki (Mother Goddess Haikali), wani mutum da wani tsuntsu ya kai (cikin haikali na Vishnu). Haikali, mafi sau da yawa kewaye da wani low bango. Ciki da shinge za a iya sanya shrine gumãka.

addini Hindu

Hindu - wani sosai tsoho kasa addini, ha hadisin da falsafa makarantu na India. A cewar wannan addini, duniya (Samsara) ne jerin rebirths, kunsha na talakawa da kuma yau da kullum, da kuma bayan shi ne gaskiya, wanda aka mulki ta hanyar Wadãtacce.

Duk a Hindu kamar yadda yayi kokarin karya fita daga duniya da kuma gama da iyaka, kuma da kawai hanyar cimma wannan - kai musu da asceticism. Karma - shi abubuwa a sakin degeneration (duka biyu mai kyau da kuma mummuna), da kuma division cikin castes ne ma alaka da wasu Karmar su.

Na da yawa Hindu abũbuwan hankali dauki ga babban wuri na uku main wadanda:

• Allah Brahma, wanda Ya halitta, kuma mulkin duniya.
• gunkin Vishnu, wanda ya taimaka wajen mutane tare da daban-daban bala'i.
• m bautãwa Shiva, kafofin watsa labarai don ƙirƙirar da kuma halakar da cosmic makamashi.

Ibada, ya sassaka a cikin kogwanni

Hindu haikali sassaka gaba ɗaya daga halitta kankara - wani misali na da kyau da kuma bambancin da m da kuma gine-gine da dabaru. Art sassaka gine taso dangane da ma'aunan kasa halaye na ƙasa. The haske wakilin monolith ne Kailasa haikali haikali haikali a Ellora, wanda aka sadaukar domin Shiva. All sassa na coci da aka yanka a cikin kauri daga kankara a cikin 'yan shekaru. Mai yiwuwa haikali sassaƙa aiwatar da aka za'ayi daga sama zuwa kasa.

Da haikalin da kuma sufi dake kusa da 34 kira Ellora kogwanni, a tsawon wadannan Tsarin kan 2 km. Duk da gidajen lama da kuma haikalin sassaka a cikin basalt dutse. Haikali ne shahararren wakilin Dravidian style. A rabbai ginin da ya sassaka dutse sculptures cewa ƙawata Haikalin misali ne na m zanen na zamanin d sculptors da kuma sana'a.

Ciki da haikalin akwai wani yadi a tarnaƙi daga wanda suke 3-storey gidan kashe ahu da ginshikan. A cikin arcades sassaka sculptural panel tare da manyan Hindu gumãka. A baya can, akwai kuma dutse da gadoji a haɗa gallery tsakanin cibiyar, amma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi da suka fadi.

Ciki da haikalin akwai biyu gine-gine: bijimin Nandi haikali Mandapa da babban haikalin Shiva (duka 7 m ba ga tsawo), da ƙananan ɓangare na abin da aka yi wa ado da dutse sassaka, da kuma a kasa ana giwaye, goyon baya a kan duka biyu da tsarin kanta.

Stone sculptures da Bas-reliefs

Da muhimmancin da sculptural ado na wani Hindu haikali (depicting duniya dabbobi da kuma al'ada rayuwa na talakawa mutane, scenes na mythological Legends, addini alamomin da abũbuwan bautãwa ne) yana tunatar da viewer da aminci game da gaskiya manufar rayuwa da kuma zama.

External haikali kayan ado nuna da dangantaka da waje duniya da kuma na ciki da maki zuwa dangane da allahntaka duniya. Idan ka dubi ado abubuwa daga sama zuwa kasa, da shi da aka karanta shi a matsayin allahntaka waxannan mutane, kuma a cikin shugabanci daga tushe zuwa saman - hawan mutum ruhu a cikin allahntaka Heights.

Duk da sculptural ado ne muhimmi al'adu da kuma addini nasara da kuma al'adunmu na zamanin d India.

Buddha,

Addinin Buddha a karshe Millennium ya yada a duniya, amma shi ya samo asali addini motsi shi ne a cikin India. Buddha, suna gina a cikin irin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya yi kawai "uku taskõkin" (cikin Buddha, koyarwarsa da kuma Buddhist al'umma).

Yufo - gini, a wurin aikin hajji da kuma mazauninsu sufaye, wanda kare yake gaba daga duk wani waje da tasirinsa (sauti, wari, gani, da dai sauransu). Duk da karkararta aka rufe gaba daya a kan ta da karfi ganuwar da ƙofofi.

A tsakiyar ɓangare na haikali - da "Golden Hall" (gia), ko inda akwai wani mutum-mutumi na Buddha image. Akwai kuma wani pagoda, wanda ke rike da saura na Buddha a duniya jiki, yawanci kunshi 3-5 hawa da wani babban al'amudi a cibiyar (ga saura a ƙasa, ko a kan saman). Monumental gine-gine Buddha, suna yi wa ado da kuri'a na arches, ginshikan, reliefs - duk kwazo da Buddha.

Mafi m Buddha a Indiya located in Maharashtra:

• Ajanta (kogon hadaddun na gidajen lama).
• Ellora inda adjoin m Buddha, Hindu Ibada (na kogwanni 34: 17 - Hindu, 12 - Buddhist).
• Mahabodhi (inda labari canji ya faru a cikin Buddha Gautam Siddhartha) da sauransu.

Mafi mashahuri a Indiya da Buddhist stupa - yi, shi ne da wani abin tunawa a wasu wurin hutawa taron na addinin Buddha, a cikin abin da ragowar shahararren aka bar mutane. A cewar labari stupas ne a duniya na jituwa da wadata, da tasiri a kan talikai.

The most Hindu haikali a Indiya

Yana Akshardham Haikali a Delhi ne babban hadaddun, sadaukar da Hindu da al'adu da kuma na ibada. Wannan zamani coci da aka gina da ruwan hoda dutse a 2005, bisa ga tsoho canons. A ta yi da hannu 7,000 sana'a da kuma sana'a.

Da haikalin da aka lashe tare da tara domes (tsawo 42 m), shi aka yi wa ado da ginshikan (total 234), wanda ya siffanta Figures daga Hindu yaren, da kuma 148 giwaye daga wani dutse sanya, a kewaye, kazalika da sauran dabbobi, da tsuntsaye da kuma mutum Figures. Its babbar size yarda da su sun hada da shi a cikin Guinness Littafi na Records.