Generation kwamfuta: tebur, halaye da kuma tarihi. Abin da ake nufi da Kalmar "kwamfuta tsara"?

Ana zargin zamani kwakwalwa, wanda muka saba wa, wadda ta gabãta daga dukan juyin halitta a cikin ci gaban da kwamfuta fasaha. Bisa ga sanannen ka'idar, da ci gaba da kwamfuta masana'antu tafi, ta hanyar da dama jinsin zamaninsu.

Modern masana ayan yi imani da cewa su shida. Biyar daga cikinsu sun riga sun faru, wani - a kan hanya. Me daidai da kalmar "ƙarni na kwakwalwa" fahimta IT-kwararru? Mene ne muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance tsakanin mutum lokaci na ci gaba da kwamfuta fasahar?

Fage zuwa fitowan na kwamfuta

A tarihin na kwamfuta for 5 ƙarnõni, ci gaban ban sha'awa da kuma ban sha'awa. Amma kafin mu gano shi, zai zama da amfani a san facts game da abin da ta gabãta ga cigaban fasaha mafita kwakwalwa.

Mutane sun yaushe nemi don inganta hanyoyin alaka lissafin, lissafin. Masana tarihi gano cewa, da kayayyakin aiki, don aiki tare da lambobi, da ciwon inji yanayi, da aka ƙirƙira a zamanin d Misira da kuma sauran jihohi na tsufa. A tsakiyar zamanai, Turai ir zai tsara shirin da sunadaran da wanda, musamman, za a iya lasafta periodicity na Lunar tides.

A samfur na zamani kwakwalwa, wasu masana sun yi imanin ƙirƙira a cikin farkon karni na 19th inji Babbage, yana mai sarrafa kwamfuta shirye-shirye da ayyuka. A cikin marigayi 19th da kuma farkon karni na 20th akwai na'urorin da cewa lantarki da aka yi amfani da. Su ne mafi yawa da hannu a cikin masana'antu, tarho da kuma rediyo.

A 1915 ya koma Amurka Jamus haure Herman Hollerith kafa kamfanin IBM, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin mafi recognizable brands na IT-masana'antu. Daga cikin mafi sa mamaki ƙirƙirãwa Herman Hollerith karfe naushi cards, shekaru da dama da primary bayanai m lokacin amfani da kwamfuta fasaha. By karshen 30s akwai fasahar da cewa a yarda magana game da farkon na kwamfuta zamanin a cikin ci gaban wayewar dan adam. farko kwakwalwa bayyana, wanda daga baya ya zama tallace kamar yadda na ga "farko ƙarni".

ãyõyin a kwamfuta

A key muhimman hakkokin rarrabẽwa ga kassa a kwamfuta na'ura don bincika kwakwalwa, ko kwamfuta masana kira programmability. Wannan ya yi daidai da irin na'ura, musamman, ya bambanta daga calculators, komai iko ko sun karshe. Ko a lokacin da ta je shirye-shirye a wani sosai low matakin, lokacin amfani da "wadanda kuma zeros" - qa'idar karfi. Haka kuma, da zaran inji aka ƙirƙira shi, watakila, da alãmarsu yawa kama da kalkuleta, amma da za a iya kaddara - suka kira kwakwalwa.

Kalmar "kwamfuta tsara" yana nufin, yawanci kwamfuta na wani takamaiman fasaha samuwar. Wannan shi ne, daya tushen hardware mafita, dangane da kwamfuta ne a guje. A daidai wannan lokaci, bisa la'akari da sharudda samarwa da masana na IT-rabo da ƙarni na kwakwalwa ne da nisa daga na al'ada (ko da yake, ba shakka, akwai tsaka-tsakin yanayi na kwakwalwa, waxanda suke da wuyar ainihin dangana ga wani musamman category).

Bayan kammala msar tambayar digression, za mu iya fara gano tsara kwakwalwa. Tebur, a kasa, zai taimaka mana tuƙa a kowane periodization.

Next za mu dubi cikin fasaha fasali na kwakwalwa ga kowane category. Mun ƙunshi ƙarnõni na kwakwalwa za a m. Tebur cewa mun yanzu kai, za a supplemented da wasu, wanda za a alaka da dace category da kuma aiwatar da sigogi.

Mu lura da muhimmanci gargadi - da wadannan sharudda sun danganta ne da juyin halitta na kwakwalwa, wanda yanzu yawanci ake magana a sirri. Akwai mabanbanta azuzuwan na kwakwalwa - soja, masana'antu. Akwai abin da ake kira "supercomputers". Su fitowan da kuma ci gaba - mai raba batun.

A farko kwakwalwa

A shekara ta 1938, Jamus m Konrad Tsuze gina wani na'ura da ake kira Z1, kuma a cikin 42nd saki ta inganta version - Z2. A 1943, wani kirga inji ƙirƙira da Turanci da kuma kira shi "Colossus". Wasu masana ayan yi imani da Birtaniya da kuma Jamus inji farko kwamfuta. A shekarar 1944, bisa leken asiri daga Jamus ƙirƙirar sarrafa kwamfuta inji kamar yadda Amirkawa. Bunƙasa a Amurka kwamfuta da ake kira "Mark Na".

A shekarar 1946, American injiniyoyi suna yin wani kananan juyin juya halin a cikin zane na kwamfuta da fasaha, samar da wani injin tube kwamfuta ENIAC, 1,000 sau mafi m fiye da "Mark Na". Wani shahararren American cin suka kafa a shekarar 1951 ta hanyar kwamfuta, mai suna Uniake. Its main alama shi ne cewa shi ne na farko da kwamfuta aka yi amfani a matsayin mai sayar da samfur.

By cewa lokaci, ta hanyar, kwamfutarka da aka riga ya ƙirƙira Soviet injiniyoyi aiki a Academy of Sciences da Ukraine. Our cin kira SECM. Its yi, bisa ga masana, shine mafi girman daga cikin kwamfutocin taru a Turai.

Fasaha fasali na farko tsara kwamfutocin

A gaskiya, a kan tushen da abin da sharudda ƙaddara da ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa? Irin wannan IT-kwararru la'akari, na farko, da tushe bangaren a cikin nau'i na injin shambura. farko tsara inji ma su mallaki wani yawan halayyar waje siffofin - wata babbar size, da manya-manyan ikon amfani.

Su sarrafa kwamfuta ikon ya kuma kasance mun gwada suna fadin, shi ne dama da dubu hertz. Duk da haka, da farko ƙarni na kwakwalwa dauke da abubuwa da yawa a zamani kwakwalwa. A musamman, wannan na'ura code to shirin da dokokin kazalika data rikodi a ƙwaƙwalwar (ta amfani da naushi cards da electrostatic shambura).

ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa bukatar da mafi adam fasaha, yin amfani da su. Ake bukata ba kawai ga mallaki musamman basira (da aka bayyana a aiki tare da naushi cards, ilmi na na'ura code, da dai sauransu), amma, kamar yadda mai mulkin, kuma Engineering ilimi a fagen lantarki.

A ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa, kamar yadda muka ce, ya riga ya RAM. Duk da haka, ta girma da aka musamman fadin, ya sa shi a cikin daruruwan, a mafi kyau - a cikin dubban bytes. A farko memory kayayyaki ga kwakwalwa wuya a classified a matsayin wani lantarki bangaren. Su da aka cika da kwantena na Mercury a cikin nau'i na shambura. memory lu'ulu'u da aka gyarawa a kan su musamman yankunan, da kuma game da shi, data riƙe. Duk da haka, quite nan da nan bayan da sabuwar dabara na farko kwakwalwa bayyana karin ci-gaba memory-tushen ferrite tsakiya.

Na biyu ƙarni na kwakwalwa

Mene ne kara raya kwamfuta tarihi? Generation kwakwalwa suka fara samar on. A 60s aka yada kwakwalwa ta amfani ba kawai injin shambura, amma kuma semiconductors. Abu mai muhimmanci ya karu Agogon mita kwakwalwan kwamfuta - dauke sananne nuna alama 100 dubu hertz da kuma sama .. Zo na farko Magnetic faifai a matsayin madadin su ƙulli cards. A shekarar 1964, IBM kamfanin ya saki godu musamman da samfurin - mai raba kwamfuta duba da kyau isa halaye - 12-inch diagonal, wani ƙuduri na 1024 da 1024 pixels da kuma kore gajiya kudi na 40 Hz.

Generation yawan uku

The ƙwarai uku ƙarni na kwakwalwa? Da farko, sanya kwamfutarka tare da fitilu kuma semiconductors hadedde haihuwarka, wanda, baya ga kwakwalwa, an yi amfani da wani iri-iri wasu na'urorin lantarki.

Domin da farko lokacin da yiwuwar Hadakar haihuwarka aka nuna wa duniya ta hanyar da kokarin m Jack Kilby da kuma kamfanin Texas Instruments a 1959. Jack halitta a kananan tsarin kafa a kan wani farantin daga germanium karfe, wanda ya kamata ya maye gurbin hadaddun semiconductor kayayyaki. Bi da bi, Texas Instruments kamfanin halitta kwamfuta, taru a kan tushen da wadannan records. Galibi, shi ne 150 sau kasa da irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon semiconductor kwamfuta. Hadakar kewaye fasahar an kara raya. Muhimmiyar rawa a wannan taka nazari Roberta Noysa.

Wadannan hardware aka gyara an yarda, na farko, don rage girman da kwakwalwa. A sakamakon haka, akwai wani gagarumin karuwa a kwamfuta yi. A tsara ta uku kwakwalwa halin da a saki kwamfuta tare da agogo mita, ya bayyana riga a megahertz. Rage ikon amfani da kuma kwakwalwa.

Mun inganta data rikodi fasaha da kuma sarrafa su a cikin RAM kayayyaki. Kamar yadda na RAM, ferrite abubuwa zama mafi capacious, technologically m. Akwai prototypes farko, sa'an nan na farko version diskettes amfani da wani waje ajiya matsakaici. The gine na PC bayyana cache pamyat.Standartnoy yanayi hulda na mai amfani da kuma kwamfuta da aka nuni taga.

Yana faru kara kyautata software aka gyara. Akwai aka cikakken fledged tsarin aiki da aka ɓullo da mafi bambancin aikace-aikace software, mu aka gabatar multitasking ra'ayi a kwamfuta aiki. The uku-tsara kwamfutocin bayyana shirye-shirye kamar database gudanar da tsarin, kuma software na aiki da na zane aiki. Akwai karin shirye-shirye da harsuna da kuma halin wurare a cikin abin da halittar software.

huɗu-tsara fasali

A tsara ta huɗu na kwakwalwa ne halin da zargin Hadakar haihuwarka na zuwa aji na manyan, kazalika da ake kira manya-manyan sikelin. The gine na PC bayyana manyan guntu - processor. Computers a sanyi ne mafi kusanta zuwa talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Su yi amfani da an sanya yiwu tare da m cancantar horo, yayin da aiki tare da kwamfuta ƙarnõnin farko bukata basira. RAM kayayyaki da aka samar ba a kan tushen da ferrite abubuwa, da kuma a kan tushen da CMOS-guntu. By tsara ta huɗu na kwakwalwa da kuma aka yarda to da farko kwamfuta Apple, tattara a shekarar 1976 da Steve Jobs da Stefanom Voznyakom. Mutane da yawa IT-masana yi imani da cewa Apple - na farko na sirri kwamfuta a duniya.

Tsara ta huɗu kwakwalwa kuma ya zo daidai da popularization na Internet. A lokaci guda akwai mafi kyau da aka sani iri a yau software masana'antu - Microsoft. Da ciwon na farko version na tsarin aiki da muka sani a yau - Windows, MacOS. Computers sun zama yadu circulated a duniya.

biyar ƙarni

A heyday na tsara ta huɗu na kwakwalwa - tsakiyar marigayi 80s. Amma a farkon 90s a kan IT-fasahar kasuwar tsari ya fara aukuwa, wanda a yarda don fara kirgawa wani sabon ƙarni na kwakwalwa. Muna magana ne game gagarumin matakai a gaba, musamman a cikin aikin injiniya da kuma fasaha nasarori, guda biyu zuwa ga processor. guntu gine bayyana yiwuwa ga irin layi daya vector.

A karo na biyar ƙarni na kwakwalwa - yana da m taki inji yawan aiki girma daga shekara zuwa shekara. Idan a farkon 90 ta Agogon gudun microprocessors a cikin 'yan dubun megahertz, aka dauke mai kyau nuni, da farkon 2000s, babu wanda ya yi mamakin gigahertz. Computers cewa mu yi amfani da yau, an yi ĩmãni to IT-masana - shi ne ma na biyar ƙarni na kwakwalwa. Wato, da fasaha aikin share fage farkon 90 ta har yanzu dacewa.

PC na zuwa na biyar tsara, sun zama ba kawai kwakwalwa, da kuma high-sa Multi-kafofin watsa labarai kayan aikin. Don su shi yiwuwa a Dutsen fina-finai, aiki tare da hotuna, rikodin kuma yi amfani da sauti da kuma haifar da aikin injiniya da ayyukan su gudu idon basira 3D-wasanni.

Features na shida ƙarni

A foreseeable nan gaba, bisa ga manazarta, za mu iya sa ran cewa, 6 ƙarni na kwakwalwa zai bayyana. Yana za a halin da amfani da na tsarin jijiya abubuwa a cikin gine na kwakwalwan kwamfuta ta amfani da sarrafawa a rarraba cibiyar sadarwa.

Performance kwakwalwa a gaba tsara za a auna, watakila, ba a gigahertz, amma a ta sha bamban da irin lissafi raka'a.

Feature kwatanta

Mun yi nazarin ƙarnonin kwakwalwa. Tebur da ke ƙasa zai ba mu damar daidaita kanmu game da kwakwalwa na ɗaya ko wani nau'i da tushen fasaha wanda aikinsu ya dogara ne. Ƙididdigar sune kamar haka:

Nunawa na daidaitawa na yawan aiki da kuma wasu ƙwarewar kwamfuta na iya zama da amfani. Tebur da za mu tara a yanzu za muyi la'akari da wannan tsari. Muna dauka a matsayin tushen irin wannan matsayi a matsayin agogo agogo.

Ta haka ne, mun hango siffofin fasahar fasaha ga kowace tsara kwamfutar. Tebur, duk wani gabatarwar da muka gabatar, zai taimaka mana mu daidaita matakan da aka dace da kuma wani nau'i na kwakwalwa tare da la'akari da wani mataki ko wani mataki na ci gaba da fasaha ta kwamfuta.