Genotype da phenotype a matsayin kimiyyar halitta da zamantakewa

Wadannan ra'ayoyin biyu a yau sun zama cikakke a wurare daban-daban na ilmi, ko da yake sun fara amfani da su ne a fannin ilmin halitta. Ma'anar "jinsin mutum" da farko ya bayyana a cikin kimiyyar kimiyya ta hanyar aikin Johanson, lokacin da ya yi amfani da shi a 1909 don bayyana ƙaddamar da dukiyar da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta. Nau'in "genotype" ya bambanta da abinda ke tattare da kwayoyin halittu da jinsin, kamar yadda yake nuna mutum mai bambantaccen mutum, kuma jinsin halitta da jinsunan suna nuna nauyin halayen halittu na halittu masu rai.

Manufofin genotype da phenotype kuma sun bambanta. Idan homootype ya nuna kawai dabi'un da ke tattare da halayensa wanda ke da mahimmanci ga kwayar halitta guda ɗaya ba tare da dogara ga wasu dalilai ba, to, phenotype yana nuna alamomi waɗanda suka haɗa da aikin da ke cikin yanayi, yada labarai da canji.

A cikin mafi yawan al'ada, kwayar halittar ta zama tsari mai banbanci ya bambanta da phenotype ta wadannan sigogi masu zuwa:

- suna da asali daban-daban na bayanan kwayoyin halitta (a cikin kwayar halittar DNA ne, phpotype ya rubuta bayanan da aka samu ta nazarin kwayoyin halitta);

- sabili da haka, irin wannan jinsin na iya nunawa a matsayin bangarori daban-daban.

Bugu da ƙari, ana tunanin batun genotype (a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci) a cikin cikakkun ma'anoni. A cikin ƙananan hankula, wannan shine, kamar yadda aka riga ya fada, haɗuwa ta musamman na kwayoyin halitta, kuma a cikin ma'ana - haɗuwa da dukan alamomin heredity da aka kafa ta hanyar kwayoyin. A wannan ma'anar, an nuna jinsin ta hanyar haɗakarwa ta musamman da aka tsara (kwayoyin halitta) na halaye da aka samu daga iyaye.

Sabili da haka, wani bambanci ya samo: kwayar halittar da phenotype ya bambanta da cewa phenotype ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan waje na iya bambanta a cikin rayuwar sake rayuwa, yayin da kwayar za ta kasance ba canzawa a duk lokacin.

A sakamakon haka, ana iya ƙayyade genotype ta hanyar daban, inda aka bayyana shi:

- hade da halayen kwayoyin halitta kawai ga wanda aka bai wa mutum;

- Sigogi na takamaiman nau'o'in alleles (daya daga cikin nau'i-nau'i daban daban na jinsi) wanda ke ƙunshe a cikin wani nau'i na musamman.

Halitta shine tsattsauran matakan kimiyyar physicochemical na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke ƙayyade ba kawai ilimin halitta da biochemical ba, har ma da halayyar hali. Wannan kalma, kamar jinsin jini, ana amfani dashi a cikin fassarorin biyu. A cikin mahimmanci, phenotype yana nuna dukkan alamun da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta. A takaitaccen ma'ana, ana daukar phenotype a matsayin ma'auni don rarrabe wasu nau'o'in kwayoyin, alal misali, mutane masu yawa suna da siffar guda daya, wadanda ba su da karfi - ɗayan.

A tsakiyar karni na 19, a lokacin da aka samu zamantakewar zamantakewa kamar kimiyya, daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa akan la'akari da al'umma, shine ka'idodin kwayoyin halitta na Spencer, wanda ainihin ainihin tsari shi ne cewa Spencer yayi kokarin wakilci jama'a ta hanyar kwatanta da kwayar halitta. An rarraba bambancin al'ummomin al'umma a cikin wannan rukunan ta wurin kyawawan dabi'un kowane mutum, ta hanyar al'ada, ta hanyar tunaninsa, ta hanyar abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin tarihin, ta hanyar yawancin tunanin zamantakewa da hali, da kuma wasu da yawa.

Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ra'ayoyin kwayar halittu da phenotype sun yada cikin nazarin zamantakewa. Mafi sauƙin fassarar wannan fassarar ita ce ƙaddamar da abin da ake kira gabas da yammacin genotypes na al'umma, inda ma'anar sassan su bambancin su ne ainihin halaye na tsarin zamantakewa da kuma tunani. Yanayin tunani da zamantakewa, hanyar tarihi na ci gaba, addini da sauransu. Yin amfani da genotype da kuma siffofi na siffofi a cikin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma sun yiwu su yi amfani da su zuwa ka'idojin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin nazarin mutane, races, wasu, musamman, manyan kungiyoyin jama'a da al'ummomi.