Dalili na rashin daidaituwa ga masu rauni da karfi

Kalmar "dissociation" a cikin ilmin sunadarai da biochemistry yana nufin aiwatar da raguwa da magungunan sunadarai cikin ions da radicals. Rashin rarraba shine sabon abu na ƙungiyoyi ko recombination, kuma yana da kima. An rarraba rarrabawa ta hanyar yawaita irin su matsakaici. Yana yana da wata wasika nadi α da characterizes a dissociation dauki a wani uniform (kama) tsarin bisa ga lissafi: CA ↔ R + A Jihar ma'auni. Ka zama nau'in abu na farko, K da A sune ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin, a cikin abin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin kwayoyin halitta suka rushe a sakamakon rashin katsewa. Daga abin da ya biyo baya cewa a cikin tsarin akwai matakan dissociated da ba a haɗa su ba. Idan muka ɗauka cewa kwayoyin sun lalace kuma ba a rabu da kwayoyin N, to, ana iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwa don tantance abin da aka cire, wanda aka ƙididdige a matsayin kashi: α = n • 100 / N ko a cikin ɓangarorin haɗin kai: α = n / N.

Wato, matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa shine rabo daga kwayoyin da ba a haɗa su (kwayoyin) na tsari mai kama (bayani) zuwa adadin adadin kwayoyin (kwayoyin) a wannan tsarin (bayani). Idan an san cewa α = 5%, to yana nufin cewa kwayoyin guda 5 kawai daga kwayoyin farawa 100 ne suke cikin nau'i, kuma sauran kwayoyin 95 da suka rage ba su lalata. Ga kowane mahimmanci, α zai zama mutum, tun da yake ya dogara ne akan yanayin sinadaran kwayoyin halitta, da kuma a kan yawan zafin jiki da adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsari mai kama da juna (a cikin bayani), wato, a kan maida hankali. Mai karfi masu lantarki, wanda wasu albarkatu, asali da salts sun kasance, sun rushe cikin ions a cikin cikakkiyar bayani, saboda haka basu dace da nazarin tsarin rabuwar ba. Saboda haka, ana amfani da masu zazzaɓi masu zafin jiki don nazarin, kwayoyin wanda ba su da dangantaka a cikin maganin cikin ions ba gaba daya ba.

Domin reversible halayen dissociation dissociation m (KD), wanda characterizes Jihar ma'auni, aka ƙaddara da dabara: KD = [K] [A] / [CA]. Yaya za'a iya yin la'akari da daidaituwa da kuma rashin daidaituwa da juna tsakanin misalin mai zafin jiki mai rauni. Bisa ga ka'idar dillancin Ostwald, dukkanin ma'anar hujjoji an gina: Kd = c • α2, inda c shine maida hankali akan maganin (a wannan yanayin, c = [KA]). An san cewa 1 kwayar abu ta rushe cikin ƙarar bayani V dm3. A cikin jiha na farko, za'a iya bayyana ƙaddamar da kwayoyin na farko abu: c = [KA] = 1 / V mol / dm3, da kuma jinsin ion zasu kasance: [K] = [A] = 0 / V mol / dm3. Lokacin da aka kai ma'auni, dabi'arsu ta canza: [KA] = (1 - α) / V mol / dm3 da [K] = [A] = α / V mol / dm3, sa'an nan Kd = (α / V • α / V) / (1 - α) / V = α2 / (1 - α) • V. Ana la'akari da yanayin ƙwararruwar ƙwayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka, matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa (α) wanda yayi kuskuren zero, kuma ƙarar bayani za'a iya bayyana ta wurin sanannun taro: V = 1 / [KA] = 1 / s. Sa'an nan za'a iya canza nauyin: Kd = α2 / (1 - α) • V = α2 / (1 - 0) • (1 / с) = α2 • с, kuma ta hanyar cire tushen tushen ɓangaren Kd / c, za mu iya ƙididdige mataki na dissociation Α. Wannan doka yana da inganci idan α ya fi kasa da 1.

Don masu karfi masu zaɓaɓɓen lantarki, kalmar nan "rashin daidaituwa" ta fi dacewa. An samu matsayin rabo na bayyana adadin barranta barbashi don wani real ko definition of dabara isotonic coefficient (da ake kira da van't Hoff factor, da kuma nuna gaskiya hali na wani abu a cikin bayani): α = (i - 1) / (n - 1). A nan ne coefficient isotonic, kuma n shine yawan ions da aka kafa. Don mafita wanda kwayoyin da suka raguwa cikin ions, α ≈ 1, tare da ƙara yawan haɓaka α ƙara tasowa 1. Dukkan wannan an bayyana ta ka'idar mai karfi masu zazzagewa, wanda ke jayayya cewa motsi na cations da mahaukacin kwayoyin da ba a raguwa da karfi ba ne da aka dade saboda dalilai da dama. Na farko: ions suna kewaye da kwayoyin kwakwalwan polar, wannan hulɗar lantarki ana kiransa solvation. Na biyu: ba kamar caji da kuma mahaukacin da suke cikin bayani ba, saboda aikin da aka samu na haɗuwa da juna, ƙungiyoyi ko nau'in nau'i nau'i. Abokan hulɗa suna nuna hali kamar yadda kwayoyin ba a raba su ba.