Dmitry Cantemir, {asar Moldova da kuma Rasha dattaku da kuma malamin. Biography, iyali, yara

Wannan m mutum, aboki na Bitrus I kuma yi fice dattaku, sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga duniya al'ada a matsayin marubuci, tarihi, Falsafa da orientalist. Member na Berlin Academy a 1714, ya a cikin rubuce-rubucen, alama da miƙa mulki daga na da fatawowi da tunanin zamani m siffofin. Sunansa - Dmitry Kantemir.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Primary Education

Birthplace na siyasa Oktoba 26, 1673 a {asar Moldova kauyen Silishten. Daga baya ta wuce zuwa Romania, amma a yau ne ake kira Vaslui. A ƙarshen XVII karni, shi housed da mazaunin Constantine Cantemir - {asar Moldova m da kuma mahaifin jariri Dmitry. Uwarsa Anna Bantysh san cewa, ta kasance wakilin daya daga cikin tsoho boyars.

Daga farkon yara, da samuwar hali na Dmitry Konstantinovich aka ƙwarai rinjayi malaminsa - ilimi mutum, a m I. Kakavela. A lokacin, ya aka san yawa wallafe, ta bayar da hujjar da wa'azi na Katolika, kazalika da marubucin wani littafi na dabaru, a cikin abin da kimiyya na koyon nan gaba ƙarnõnin da masana falsafa da kuma masu ilimin tauhidi.

A shekaru ciyar a cikin Turkish babban birnin kasar

A shekaru na goma sha biyar, Dmitri ya a Istanbul. Akwai ya zo ba daga kansu bisa, da kuma matsayin da aka yi garkuwa da jihar, ya batun Turkey, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci Moldavia. Kasancewa a cikin irin wannan unenviable matsayi, ya, duk da haka, ba ya rasa kyautar lokaci da kuma ci gaba da inganta da ilimi. A yin haka, shi bayar invaluable taimako ga masana kimiyya da dama patriarchal Greek-Latin Academy, wanda ya a lokacin, kamar yadda ya ke a cikin birnin na Mabayyani mashigai.

A cikin shekaru uku da suka ciyar a kan bankuna na Bosphorus, yunwa ga ilimi saurayi koya Greek, Turkish, Larabci da kuma Latin, kazalika da hanya na laccoci a kan tarihin, falsafa da kuma tauhidin. Ya ganewarsu samo asali a cikin wadannan shekaru a karkashin tasirin da falsafa ayyukan Anthony kuma Spandoni, kuma a sakamakon sani da na halitta falsafa ideas Meletios Arta.

Soja yaƙi da siyasa rikici

A lokacin da a 1691, Dmitry Kantemir ya koma gida, ya samu kansa a cikin m da yaki, wanda ya jagoranci Moldavia da kuma Poland. Kamar yadda ɗan sarki, Dmitry yana daga cikin shugabannin da suka yi jagorancin dubban sojoji. A 1692, ya bambanta kansa a kewaye da sansanin soja Soroca kama Dogayen sanda. Shi ne ya fara kwarewa na fama ayyukan da kuma yanke shawara, a kan wanda yake dogara da rayukan mutane da yawa.

Next, a 1693, ya kawo shi da yawa matsalolin da dangantaka da ciki gwagwarmayar siyasa a kasar. Gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta ya mutu Cantemir, wanda ya har mutuwarsa mai mulkin Moldavia, kuma bayan mutuwarsa da boyars zaba gaje Dmitry. Amma daya nufin Boyar ya bai isa ba.

Tun da sarauta yana ƙarƙashin Turkish protectorate, da zaben sakamakon da aka amince a Istanbul. Ya dauki amfani da siyasa abokin Cantemir - mai mulkin Wallachia, Constantin Brancoveanu. Ya ya iya shafar Sultan, kuma a sakamakon da takarar na Dmitry da aka ƙi.

A cikin diplomasiyya aiki

Bayan da gazawar, wanda kudin shi da mafi jihar post, Cantemir dawo zuwa Istanbul, amma wannan lokacin ba a matsayin garkuwa da su, da kuma a kan wani diplomasiyya manufa. Ya aka nada da na aikin wakilin Harshen Maldavian master a kotu na Sultan. Wannan lokaci, ya tsaya a gaba na Bosphorus ya fi tsawo. Tare da qananan interruptions ya rayu a cikin Turkish babban birnin kasar har 1710.

Wannan lokaci a cikin rãyuwar Dmitry Kantemir ya kasance m. Ya yi yi yaki, amma wannan lokacin a cikin Turkish sojojin. Kuma ko da yake yaƙi da Austrians a kan Tisza kogin, a cikin abin da ya dauki bangare, ya ƙare a wani kaye ga dakarun na Sultan, duk da haka, shi ya ba shi wani arziki da soja kwarewa. Located in diplomasiyya sabis, Cantemir fara wani m da'irar idon sani.

Daga cikin sabon abokai sun kuma wakilan kimiyya, cikin shahararrun daga wanda ya shahara Turkish masanin kimiyya Sadi Effendi, kuma bayan da yawa kasashen Turai. Ya zama m tare da Rasha wakilin Count Petrom Andreevichem Tolstoy, saba da abin da ya nisa-kai sakamakon.

A m yarjejeniya tare da Rasha Tsar

A 1710, lokacin da yaki ya barke tsakanin Rasha da kuma Turkey, Cantemir samu daga Turkish gwamnati da Harshen Maldavian sarauta, ya dauki bangare a cikin tashin. Duk da haka, a asirce ƙi zãlunci daga mahaifarsa da kuma fatan a kan Rasha bayonets, ya riga ya yi lamba tare da gwamnatin Rasha, ta amfani da sabon aboki - Count Tolstoy.

Turkish hukumomi, kwanciya a kan Cantemir fatan high, babu shakka ya biyayya, ya danƙa shiri na {asar Moldova sojojin yaki da Rasha. A Dmitry nauyi hada da gina gadoji da kuma crossings kan Danube, kazalika da bayar da hunturu Swedes Apartments, tsira da m Battle of Poltava a gare su, da cikakken shiri ya dauki fansa ga shan kashi na farko. A saman da ya manufa, ya aka zamar masa dole ya gudanar da m kula da tsohon siyasa abokin Brancoveanu, wanda Sultan ake zargin na cin amanar kasa.

Duk da yake a cikin 1711, a Slutsk, daya daga cikin manyan biranen da ke yammacin Ukraine, Dmitry Kantemir Prince tare da taimako na Count P. A. Tolstogo aika zuwa St. Petersburg ya wakilin Stephan Luca, wanda aka umurci rike sirrin tattaunawa tare da Bitrus I, kuma a kammala da tare da shi a tacit alliance a kan hadin gwiwa ayyuka da da Turks.

The kwangila, wanda aka qaddara domin ya gaza

Tun wannan lokacin Cantemir kusa hadin gwiwa tare da kasar Rasha monarch. A wannan 1711, ya ya aka rayayye da hannu a cikin Shirin zanen na yarjejeniya ta tanadi son rai hadewa da Moldova a karkashin Rasha iko a kan mulkin kai. Daya daga cikin goma sha bakwai sakin layi na daftarin aiki da monarch ayyana shi da kansa ya, Dmitry Cantemir, da dama canja wuri na ikon zuwa ga kai tsaye magada. A lokaci guda kasance m duk da gata na boyars.

A mafi muhimmanci na yarjejeniya da aka dawo da Moldova duk yankuna kama da Ƙofar, da kuma yarjejeniyoyin da Baturke haraji. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar alama karshen mulkin Ottoman. Wannan gana da m goyon bayan dukkan sassa na {asar Moldova al'umma da kuma bayar da Cantemir m goyon baya.

Prut yarjejeniya

Amma irin wannan Rosy da tsare-tsaren da aka ba gane. Don saki da {asar Moldova ƙasar a 1711 tridtsativosmitysyachnaya Rasha sojojin tafi a karkashin umurnin Count Sheremetyev. A ci gaba da yaki da Bitrus Na kaina ba a-Cif kudi.

Wannan yaƙi, suka tafi a tarihi a matsayin Prut a kan sunan kogin inda akwai wani kafa yaƙi tare da sojoji da makiya stadvadtsatitysyachnoy ya m for Russia. Don kauce wa shan kashi a kan m sojojin na Turkish sojojin, Peter na sanya hannu a yarjejeniya, a karkashin abin da Rasha rasa a baya nasara Azov da yawa daga cikin bakin tekun na Azov Sea. Saboda haka, Moldova da aka har yanzu a karkashin Turkish mulki.

Motsi zuwa Moscow, da kuma Sarkin rahama

Hakika, bayan duk da cewa ya faru a kan mayar da dukkan Moldovans suka yi aiki a karkashin Rasha banner iya zama babu tambaya. Dubu boyars zo a cikin Moscow, inda ya kuma bashi sosai kyakkyawar taron. Tare da su, sannan ya isa Cantemir. Dmitry K. aka bayar da lakabi na count domin biyayya ga Rasha da hakkin ya kira "Grace".

Bugu da kari, ya aka nada a matsayin m fensho, bã sararin yankunan ƙasar a halin yanzu lardin Orel. Located a yankin ƙasarsu, kuma ƙauyuka Dimitrovka Kantemirovka tsira. A farko daga gare su ya samu matsayi na gari tare da wani yawan biyar da rabi dubu mutane, yayin da na biyu shi ne birane-type ƙauyuka. A saman duk Kantemir matsayin master of duk wanda ya zo da shi {asar Moldova baƙi da hakkin ya jefa rayukansu a nasu hankali.

Turai fitarwa daga kimiyya takardunku

A 1713, ya mutu, matar Dmitriya Kantemira Cassandra Kontakuzin. Bayan ta mutuwa, ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin Moscow, rike lamba tare da mafi m mutane daga cikin lokaci. Daga cikin mashahuran sun kafa na Latin-Greek Academy Feofan Prokopovich V. N. Tatischev, Prince AM Cherkassky, I. Yu Trubetskoy, shahararren dattaku B. P. Sheremetev. Kamar yadda na sirri sakataren kuma malamin yara ya gayyace sanannun marubuci kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, I. I. Ilinskogo.

By lokacin da muka sami Turai daraja, da yawa kimiyya ayyukan da aka halitta a lokacin shekaru na tafiyarka Dmitry Kantemir. Description of Moldova da kuma Turkey, aiki a kan ilmin harsuna da kuma falsafa kawo shi a duniya daraja. Berlin Academy of Sciences a 1714, ya sa shi cikin darajojin su a matsayin girmamawa memba. Hakika, Rasha masana kimiyya sun ba wajibi abin yabo da ya abokin aiki.

Biyu aure, motsi zuwa bankunan na Neva

A 1719 a cikin rayuwarsa ta zo da wani gagarumin taron - shi shiga cikin wani sabon aure. Wannan lokaci ya zaba daya zama Duchess AI Trubetskaya. A lokacin bikin aure bikin da ƙoƙon kai ango ya rike kansa sarki Peter I. Yana da wuya su yi tunanin mafi daraja a gare wani dan kasa na Rasha monarch. A karshen bikin, Dmitry Kantemir da iyalinsa koma St. Petersburg, inda ya gudanar da wani shahararren jama'a ofishin mai ba da shawara na Bitrus I kan harkokin Gabas. Ga shi yana daya daga cikin mutane mafi kusa da sarki.

A lokacin da a 1722 da Sarkin sarakuna ya yi niyya ya shahara Persian yaƙin neman zaɓe, Dmitry Konstantinovich ya kusa da shi a matsayin shugaban jihar Chancellery. A nasa himma, akwai wani bugu gidan, wanda buga littattafai a cikin harshen Larabci. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a tara da kewaya mai shela da Sarkin sarakuna da al'ummai inhabiting Farisa da Caucasus.

Kimiyya ayyukan da juyin halitta na ra'ayoyinsu na falsafa

Ko da a cikin wartime Cantemir, kamar mutane da yawa Rasha masana kimiyya, makale a cikin irin wannan hali ba su daina gudanar da bincike. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, domin ya rubuta a dukan jerin tarihi, labarin kasa da kuma falsafa ayyukansu. Kamar yadda wani indefatigable tarihi, ya za'ayi da nazari na zamanin d Monuments na Dagestan da kuma Derbent. Ya views a kan asali tambayoyi na sararin samaniya yi mashi a lokacin da wani gagarumin ci gaba. A baya, an shigeba, na Tauhidi, idealism, a tsawon shekaru ya zama wani rationalist, kuma a lokuta da dama har ma da maras wata-wata jari.

Alal misali, a cikin rubuce-rubucen, ya riya cewa dukan duniya, a bayyane da kuma ganuwa, take kaiwa ta ci gaba a kan tushen da haƙiƙa dokokin, tsararrun da Mahalicci. Duk da haka, da ikon tunani ne iya karatu da su, kuma ya shiryar da duniya ta ci gaba a kan hanya ga mutane. Daga cikin tarihi ayyukan Cantemir manyan wuri a kan tarihin Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da ƙasarsa ta Moldova.

A karshen wani m rayuwa

Dmitry Cantemir, wanda biography ne a hankali da alaka da epoch na Petrine gyãra, kuma ya gyãra, shũɗe daga Satumba 1, 1723. A karshe zamani ransa sai ya ciyar a cikin sarki ya ba shi Estate Dimitrovka. Tokar da aminci abokin Bitrus I , aka binne shi a birnin Moscow, a cikin ganuwar sufi Of The Girkanci, da kuma a cikin thirties na XX karni hawa zuwa Romania, a Iasi.

'Yar {asar Moldova Sarauta

A daya daga cikin bayan wani lokaci, a zamanin mulkin Empress Elizabeth, ya sami daraja da Cantemir ya daga na biyu aure Katerina Golitsyn, wanda aka haifa a 1720. Wannan sunan ta samu a lokacin da a 1751 ta auri wani jami'in Izmailovo rajimanti Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Bayan bikin aure, ta sanya fi son ta empress a real farka.

Tare da wani babba arziki da kuma da yawa daga tafiya, Katerina Golitsyn shekaru da dama a Paris, inda ya ji dadin m nasara a high jama'a da kuma a kotu. Ta salon da aka daya daga cikin mafi gaye a Faransa babban birnin kasar. Lokacin da miji da aka nada Rasha Jakadan a Paris, shi ya zama mai real star.

Ta rayuwa da aka yanka a takaice a 1761 saboda rashin lafiya. Dmitry Mikhailovich ya sosai kau da mutuwa da ya ƙaunataccen matarsa. Bayan tsira ta kusan shekara talatin, ya gãdar da ya ragewa kwana da za a gina wani asibiti a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da matarsa ga talakawa. Wannan nufin aka sanya, da kuma Golitsyn asibitin, wanda ya zama farkon XX karni a cikin First City Hospital, ya zama wani abin tunawa ga mace da yake auna.

Palace a kan Neva embankment

Game da Dimitrie Cantemir ta tuna da zuriyarsa majestic gini, Popular Palace Embankment a St. Petersburg. Wannan tsohon fada Dmitriya Kantemira. Gina a cikin twenties na XVIII karni, shi ne na farko da ginin gina a arewacin babban birnin kasar fice Italian m BF Rastrelli. Da hotunan da za ka iya gani a sama. Duk da haka, da Harshen Maldavian Prince kansa ba iya rayuwa a cikinsa. Ya mutu a lokacin da fadar aka har yanzu kammala aikin, amma sunansa har abada nasaba da wannan fitacciyar gine.