Pugachev tawaye: up, saukar da haddasawa

A Rasha tarihi a lokacin zamanin mulkin Catherine II consistently kira zinariya shekaru. Ya mulki a kan kursiyin da Empress, kamar ta babban burin jama'ar da mai girma kawo canji Bitrus, kamar yadda ya yi nufin ya Rasha ɓangare na m Turai. Empire ne na girma mai iko da soja karfi shiga sabuwar ƙasar, kafa a karkashin kulawa da Sarauniya na bunkasa kimiyya da fasaha. Amma akwai wani "tsoro na XVIII karni" - abin da ake kira Ekaterina Velikaya Pugachev tawaye. Its sakamakon, kazalika da haddasawa da kuma hanya saukar kaifi bambance-bambance boye a baya da na marmari facade zinariya shekaru.

A Sanadin tawaye

A farko daga al'amarin Catherine, bayan Bitrus III da aka biya diyya fansa manya daga wajibi soja da kuma na farar sabis. Gonaki samu damar da za a tsunduma a cikin tattalin arzikin, da kuma dangane da manoma, sai suka zama bawa masu. Serfs aka bai wa kawai numfashi ba laifi, har ma da dama ya koka zuwa ga masu ɗauke musu. A cikin hannãyen master ãƙibar rayuwa kanta serf.

Ba ta kasance ba mafi alhẽri daga da rabo daga waɗanda manoman cewa an dangana ga shuke-shuke. Shirki ma'aikata damƙar maida su ba kome da tawa masu. A m yanayin da suke aiki a nauyi kuma m aikin da, da kuma aiki a kan nasu allotments suka yi ba da ƙarfi, kuma bã da lokaci.

Ba don kome ba ne a cikin Urals da Volga yankin una Pugachev tawaye. A sakamakon haramta shi manufofin na Rasha Empire a kan kasa unguwannin - bayyanar a cikin 'yan tawayen sojojin dubban daruruwan Bashkirs, Tatars, Udmurt, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Chuvash. Jihar fitar da su daga ƙasar haihuwarmu, da gina sabon masana'antu a can, da kuma dasa wani sabon addini a gare su, hana tsohon alloli.

A cikin kogin Yaik

Fis, wanda ya hau kan wutar m fushi babbar sarari a cikin Urals da Volga, ya yi na Yaik Cossacks. Suna zanga-zangar adawa da rashi na tattalin arziki (jihar kenkenewa a kan gishiri) da kuma siyasa (da maida hankali iko a gwamnatin goyon dattawa da mashãwarta) yanci da gata. Wasanni a 1771 da aka gilla dandaƙewa, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Cossacks nemi sauran hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya da kuma sabbin shugabannin.

Wasu masana tarihi sun nuna cewa version tawayen Pugachev, Yanã, ba shakka, kuma ta sakamakon da aka fi mayar da m da tip na Yaik Cossacks. Suka gudanar da iko da tasirin da take da basu baye Pugacheva da kuma yin shi da makafi da kayan aiki a cimma Cossack 'yancin walwala. Kuma lokacin da na je hadari, suka yaudare shi, shi da kokarin ceci ransa a madadin kansa.

Baƙauye "anpirator"

Da tashin hankali a zamantakewa da siyasar sauyin yanayi na lokaci da aka goyan bayan da jita-jita game da tilasta kifar da sarauta matarsa Catherine - Bitrus Fedorovich. Yana ce cewa Bitrus III ya shirya umartar "A cikin 'yanci na baƙauye," amma ba ku bayyana ta, kuma aka kama da manya - abokan adawar na fansa da manoma. Ya tsallaka rijiya da da ewa ba zai sanar da mutane da kuma tãyar da shi don yin yaki domin dawowar sarki kursiyin. Bangaskiya na talakawa mutane a dama na sarki, shafaffe daga Allah, wanda yana a jiki musamman bayanin kula, aka akai-akai amfani a Rasha daban-daban yawan ƙiren ƙarya, don yin yaki domin iko.

Hanyar mu'ujiza tsere Peter Fedorovich gaske nuna up. Ya nuna hujjõji bayyanannu a kan kirjin (wanda aka canjawa wuri burbushi na scrofula) da kuma kira manya manyan makiyan aiki mutane. Da ya yi ƙarfi, kuma jarumi, yana mai bayyana tunaninsa da kuma wani baƙin ƙarfe ba. A haihuwa, sunansa Emelyan Pugachev.

Don Cossack daga kauye Zimoveyskoy

An haife shi a 1740 ko 1742 a wannan wurare, inda for daruruwan shekaru kafin shi zo a cikin wanzuwar wani almara da 'yan tawaye - Stepan Razin. Pugachev tawaye, sakamakon da ya tafiye-tafiye tare da Volga da Urals haka tsoratar da hukumomi da cewa ta yi kokarin hallaka sosai memory na "muzhik ta sarki." Muna da 'yan kaxan m data game da rayuwarsa.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev a cikin matasa suka sãɓã wa jũna m hankali da kuma m disposition. Ya halarci yakin da Prussia da kuma Turkey, samu da daraja na ƙaho. Ciwo koma zuwa Don, ba zai iya samun hukuma ritaya daga aikin soja, kuma ya shiga buya daga hukumomi.

Ya ziyarci Poland a Kuban da Caucasus. Domin a yayin da ya rayu a cikin Tsohon Muminai a kan bankunan na wani tributary na Volga - kogin Irgiz. A view shi ne cewa daya daga cikin fitattun dissenters - uban Filaret - Pugacheva kyauta zaton wa rinjayar hanyar mu'ujiza tsira da wata gaskiya sarki. Saboda haka ya reappeared tsakanin 'yancin-m Cossacks Yaik "anpirator" Peter Fedorovich.

Riot ko wani baƙauye yaki?

Events cewa ya fara a matsayin gwagwarmayar da dawowar Cossack 'yancin walwala, ya samu dukan halaye na babban-sikelin yaki a kan azzãlumai na peasantry da workhouse jama'a.

Ya sanar a cikin sunan Peter III manifestos da dokoki dauke ideas yana da wata babbar janye ga mafi yawan jama'ar na daular: 'yantar da manoma daga serfdom da numfashi ba haraji, endowing shi tare da ƙasa, da kawar da gata na nobility da kuma jami'an' yan kasa da gwamnatoci ribace-ribace, da dai sauransu ...

Irin wannan kirarin kan Banners na 'yan tawaye da sojojin samar da shi tare da wani m gwada yawa girma da kuma yana da hukunci tasiri a kan duk Pugachev tawaye. Sanadin da kuma sakamakon da baƙauye yaki shekaru 1773-75 sun kai tsaye samfurin na wadannan matsalolin zamantakewa.

By Yaik Cossacks, wanda ya zama ainihin babban soja da karfi na tawaye, shiga cikin ma'aikata da manoma shirki Ural shuke-shuke, da mai masauki serfs. Doki da 'yan tawayen sojojin kunshi yafi na Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks da sauran mazaunan matakan a kan gefen daular.

Don sarrafa ta da bambance-bambance abun da ke ciki sojojin shugabannin Pugachev sojojin da aka kafa ta soja kwamitin - administrative da kuma siyasa na tsakiya na tawaye. Domin nasara aiki na 'yan tawayen hedkwatar rasa nufin da ilmi-Pugachev kwamandojin, ko da yake wannan aiki na' yan tawayen sojojin da kuma sa wani lokacin hamayya da su ma'aikatan shugabanni da generals mamaki ungiyarsa, kuma daya hankali, da yake shi ne rare.

A hankali samu cikin siffofin na wani real adawa da yakin basasa. Amma da farkon wata akida shirin, wanda za a iya gani a cikin "sarauta littafai" Emelyan, ba zai iya tsayayya da predatory yanayin da sojojin. A sakamakon Pugachev tawaye baya ya nuna cewa, sace-sace da unprecedented zaluntar a danniya azzãlumai juya yi da jihar zalunci a cikin wannan - m da kuma tausayi - Rasha bore.

A hanya na tawaye

Wuta tawaye rufe wata babbar yankin daga Volga da Urals. Da farko bayyanar Yaik Cossacks, jagorancin kai-styled miji ba sa fargabar Catherine. Kawai a lokacin da Pugachev sojojin da aka sauri a bayansa da lokacin da ya zama sananne cewa "anpiratora" gaishe da burodi da kuma gishiri a kananan garuruwa da manyan kauyuka, a lokacin da suka kama - sau da yawa ba tare da wani yaki - da yawa birãnensu a Orenburg steppes, hukumomi sun halarci ga real abu. Shi ne ba abin gafartawa ba sakaci magabatansu bayyana m karuwa Cossack haushinka Pushkin, wanda ya yi karatu da sakamakon da muhimmancin tawaye. Pugachev kawo wa babban birnin kasar na Urals - Orenburg - iko da kuma m sojojin, fatattakar da dama na yau da kullum soja tsarin.

Amma gaske tsayayya punitive sojojin aiko daga babban birnin kasar, Pugachevskaya libertines iya ba, da kuma rukunin farko na tawaye ya ƙare a nasara ga tsar ta sojojin a sansanin soja Tatisheva a watan Maris 1774. Yana da jũna da cewa tawayen Pugachev, sakamakon abin da suke tserewa wani mayaudarin da kananan detachment ga Urals, aka mur. Amma shi ne kawai mataki na farko.

Kazan mallaki gidaje

A cikin watanni uku bayan shan kashi a kusa Orenburg zuwa Kazan zo 20000th tayar da kayar baya Army: asarar da aka cika a nan take ambaliya na sabon sojojin daga m da halin da suke ciki. Ji da m of "Sarkin sarakuna Peter III» yawa manoma da kansu aikata da masu, gaishe da burodi da kuma gishiri Pugacheva da kuma zuba a cikin sojansa. Kazan kusan yawaita 'yan tawaye. Sun kasance bã su iya hadari kawai Kremlin, inda ya zauna a kananan sansanin.

So, don tallafa Povolzhskoye nobility da gonaki ta yi zãluncin rarraba jama'a baki Empress ayyana kansa "Kazan mallaki gidaje" da kuma aika zuwa Kazan, mai iko soja ra'ayoyi a karkashin umurnin Kanar I. Michelson, wanda aka umurce su da su gaba daya kashe tawayen Pugachev. A sakamakon Kazan fadace-fadace sun sake unfavorable ga maƙaryaci, mai zunubi, kuma ya bar da saurã daga cikin sojojin a dama banki na Volga.

A ƙarshen Pugachev tawaye

A Volga yankin, tsohon sashi na ci gaba da serfdom yunkuri wuta samu wani sabon ciyar - manoma, da warware daga zaman talala manifesto "Peter Fedorovich," flowed cikin sojansa. Ba da da ewa a Moscow kanta da aka shirya don tare da wata babbar 'yan tawayen sojojin. Amma sakamakon Pugachev tawaye a cikin Urals nuna masa cewa baƙauye sojojin iya ba tayin juriya-horar da kyau-da makamai na yau da kullum raka'a. An yanke shawarar komawa kudu da kuma ta fito da in yaqi Don Cossacks, a kan hanyarsu ya da wani iko sansanin soja - Tsarina.

Shi ne a kan hanyoyin da shi Michelson wahal da karshe shan kashi na 'yan tawaye. Pugachev kokarin tserewa, amma an ci amanar da Cossack jami'an, kama da mika su ga hukumomi. A Moscow, da fitina daga Pugachev da kusa abõkan tarayya, a cikin Janairu 1775, ya aka kashe, amma kwatsam baƙauye yunkurin ci gaba na dogon lokaci.

Preconditions, da dalilai, da mahalarta, da shakka, kuma sakamakon Pugachev tawaye

Tebur a kasa a takaice characterizes wannan ya faru a tarihi. Yana nuna muku wanda kuma ga abin da manufar halarci tawaye, da kuma dalilin da ya sa shi aka ci.

Mark a kan tarihin

Bayan da shan kashi na Pugachev Ekaterina Velikaya kokarin aikata duk abin da zuwa memory na tawaye ya bace har abada. An sake masa suna da Ural kogin Yaik, Yaik Cossacks zama da aka sani da Urals, Don Zimoveyskaya kauye - mahaifar Razin da Pugachev - shi ne Potemkin. Amma kuma babban mai buga zuwa daular ya Pugachevskaya hargitsi bace ba tare da wata alama a tarihi. Kusan kowace sabuwar tsara a kansa hanya assesses sakamakon boren Emelyana Pugacheva, ya kira shi da wani shugaban na gwarzo, da ɗan fashi. Yana da haka ya faru a Rasha - mai kyau nufi da zãlunci wajen, da kuma rataya tags, daga wani hadari nesa lokaci.