Dabarun m Tu-95: siffofin da kuma hoto

A TU-95 - dogon zangon-m, located a kan Rasha makamai. Shin dabarun da makami mai linzami zuwa turboprop-Powered. Yau ne daya daga cikin gaggawa kai harin a duniya. A American codification kira "The Bear". Wannan shi ne na karshe Rasha turboprop jirgin sama, soma a taro samar. A lokacin yana da yawa gyare-gyare.

Tarihi na yi

M m TU-95 a asalin siffan da aka tsara da Andrei kirar Tupolev a shekarar 1949. Development aka dogara ne a kan 85-th model na jirgin sama. A 1950, da siyasa halin da ake ciki a kusa da Tarayyar Soviet bukaci nan da nan dabarun riba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ga halittar wani sabon makami mai linzami m tare da high-gudun da maneuvering halaye. Manufar na ci gaban da aka cimma iyakar kewayo na guntu yiwu lokaci.

A lokacin rani na 1951 da aikin da aka karkashin jagorancin N. Bazenkov, amma jimawa ya aka maye gurbinsu S. Eger. Shi ne "Bear" an dauke su da uba na karshe. Riga a can farko na jawo m TU-95 mamakin ta size da kuma iko. wani katako izgili-up da aka ma taru don wani karin cikakken gabatar da aikin.

A watan Oktoba 1951, da TU-95 karshe amince ga samar. samfur ci gaban da ya faru a 'yan watanni. An kawai a cikin watan Satumba 1952, da jirgin sama da aka bayar a cikin Zhukovsky Airfield. Factory gwaje-gwaje ba dade a cikin zuwan. Gwaji ne nasara, saboda haka wata daya daga bisani, an yanke shawarar rike kashe a farko m samfurin. Da gwaje-gwaje ci gaba for game da wani shekara. A sakamakon haka, da jirgin na'urar kwaikwayo a matukin jirgi saukar da wani yawan tsanani matsaloli. Test gaza uku mota. Its gearbox aka hallaka da wuta bayan kawai watanni biyu bayan farko na gwajin. Saboda haka, injiniyoyi da fuskantar da ɗawainiyar don gyara kura-kuran da cewa wadannan ta'addi za a iya cire a ainihin jirgin. A karshen shekarar 1953 saboda irin wannan matsalolin ya mutu 11 mutumin ƙungiya, ciki har da sojoji.

na farko jirgin

A sabon samfur m shiga filin jirgin sama a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1955. Sa'an nan, a gwajin matukin aka nada M. Nyuhtikov. Shi ya sanya na farko jirgin a kan sabon samfur. Gwaje-gwaje da aka kammala kawai a shekara daga baya. A wannan lokaci, da dabarun m Tu-95 m ya tashi game da 70 flights.

A shekarar 1956, da jirgin sama ya fara sauka a filin jirgin sama Uzyn domin nan gaba amfani. M modernization fara da karshen 1950. Production da kuma m taro TU-95 tsunduma Kuibyshevsky jirgin sama ma'aikata. A can da farko akwai bambancin makami mai linzami da na nukiliya warheads. A hankali, da 95th model aka gina a karkashin dukan soja bukatun: bincike, harin bom da m raga, fasinja da sabis, iska dakin gwaje-gwaje, da dai sauransu ...

A halin yanzu, taro samar da TU-95 daskarewa. Duk da haka, aikin da aka har yanzu da goyan bayan da Air Force da Rasha hukumomi.

zane Features

Makami mai linzami yana da wani m kai tsaye halin yanzu wadata tsarin for dumama fuka-fuki, keel da stabilizer sukurori. A injuna kunshi biaxial ruwa sets AB-60K. Cargo sashe ne located in tsakiyar fuselage kusa da shirin mai gabatarwa, to wanda ake gyarawa shida cruise makamai masu linzami. Akwai yiwuwar dangane da ƙarin kayayyakin da dakatar.

Rasha Tu-95 shi ne wani iska abin hawa da saukowa kaya tricycle. A kowane raya wheel na da birki tsarin. Lokacin da shan kashe support retracted a fuselage kuma sassauta fikãfikanka-nacelle. A gaban biyu daga ƙafafun sanye take da wani na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin, da kuma raya - lantarki sunadaran da na kowa ikon zuwa 5200 watts. Gaggawa bude shasi ne kawai zai yiwu tare da taimakon wani winch.

A matsa gida ne mai matukan jirgin. A gaggawa ejection kujeru disengaged daga jirgin sama ta musamman ƙyanƙyashe, wanda aka located sama da gaban saukowa kaya. Kamar yadda hooks ga hannayensu amfani da wani abinda bel. Ejection daga raya na m aka bayar ta hanyar resettable ƙyanƙyashe.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa makami mai linzami sanye take da musamman rayuwa katakon ninkaya a cikin hali na gaggawa saukowa a kan ruwa.

engine Bayani dalla-dalla

Turboprop Tu-95 ne daga cikin uku mafi iko manyan-gida jirgin sama a duniya. Wannan sakamakon da aka samu godiya ga mota TC-12, wanda yana da wani high-iya aiki injin turbin 14 da kuma kwampreso mataki. Don daidaita sigogi, wani tsarin da kewaye iska bawuloli. Lokacin da wannan injin turbin yadda ya dace da SC-12 ya kai kusan 35%. Wannan nuna alama daga cikin turboprop kai harin ne mai rikodin.

Don sauƙaƙe gyara na engine man fetur wadata da aka gina a cikin guda block. Ikon NK-12 ne game da 15 da dubban shekaru. wani. A wannan yanayin, da dirka da aka kiyasta a 12 dubu. Kg. Tare da cikakken man fetur daki jirgin sama zai iya tashi zuwa 2500 hours (game da 105 days). Motor nauyi ne 3.5 tons. A tsawon NK-12 wakiltar wani 5-mita naúrar.

A hasara ne ta high engine amo. Don kwanan wata, wannan ne loudest jirgin sama a duniya. Its ikon gane ko da locator shigarwa submarines. A daya hannun, a lokacin da nukiliya yajin ba m batun.

Daga cikin wasu halaye makami mai linzami ne a samar da wani 5.6 mita sukurori. Har ila yau, lura anti-icing tsarin na ruwan wukake. Yana da wani electrothermal kafuwa. Fuel aka kawota ga engine da fuselage daga cikin caisson tankuna. Ta hanyar amfani da ingantaccen da kuma inganta tsarin HPT sukurori haka "Hardy" dabarun jirgin sama jirgin kewayon dangi zuwa ga abu ne kidaya kamar yadda lokaci Tu-95.

Features makami mai linzami

A jirgin sama zai iya saukar da har zuwa 9 ma'aikatan jirgin. Saboda da takamaiman aikace-aikace m, a tsawon yana zuwa 46,2 mita. A wannan ikon yinsa, wanda reshe ne game da 50 m. Girma dabarun makami mai linzami da gaske buga view. Daya kawai yanki na reshe daukan up to 290 sq. m.

Mass TU-95 da aka kiyasta a 83,1 tons. Duk da haka, tare da cikakken nauyi na tanki da aka karu zuwa 120 dubu. Kg. Kuma a karkashin iyakar aza nauyi ya wuce 170 tons. Rated ikon da propulsion tsarin - game da dubu 40 kW ..

Saboda NK-12 m iya gudu zuwa 890 km / h. The motsi iyakance ga autopilot 750 km / h. A yi, da kewayon makami mai linzami jirgin ne game da dubu 12. Km. dagawa sama, sa'an dabam har zuwa 11.8 km. Domin ya tashi bukata band na 2.3 dubu mita.

makamai m

A jirgin sama ne iya dauke a cikin iska har zuwa 12 ton na ammonium. Sanya bama-bamai a fuselage daki. Yarda da svobodnopadayuschih nukiliya da makamai masu linzami a total nauyi na 9 tons.

Tu-95 nominally yana da wani zalla tsaron gida makamai. Ya ƙunshi wani 23-millimeter igwa. A mafi gyare-gyare shigar guda biyu AM-23 a kan kasa, da kuma saman aft sassa na jirgin sama. A rare lokuta akwai wani jirgin sama gun GS-23.

A cikin hali na installing submarine AM-23 sanye take da musamman atomatik gas hakar tsarin. A gun ne a haɗe zuwa wani spring da damper shiryar da akwatin jiki. Bolt a lokuta biyu, da sandan gangara. Domin samar da makamashi ajiya da kuma magance da tasiri daga raya na gun amfani na musamman iska naúrar caji.

Sha'awa, da PM-23 shi ne tsayin game da mita 1.5. The nauyi irin wannan gun ne 43 kg. harbi gudun - har zuwa 20 Shots da na biyu.

aiki matsaloli

A ci gaba da makami mai linzami ya fara da appreciable matsaloli. Daya daga cikin manyan disadvantages ya da gida. Da farko Tu-95 da aka talauci saba for dogon zangon-flights. Saboda da m wuraren zama a cikin ƙungiya sau da yawa baya ached, ya kafafu kangararre. Bayan gida da kuma duk masu al'ada šaukuwa tank da commode. Bugu da kari, shi ya bushe sosai da kuma zafi a cikin gida, da iska da aka impregnated da man fetur da kura. A sakamakon haka, da ƙungiya ƙi prodelyvat dogon flights a jirgin sama don haka unprepared.

Akai-akai da matsaloli tare da mai tsarin da engine. A cikin hunturu, da cakuda da aka thickened ma'adinai da cewa kai tsaye shafi dunƙule gudun. A matakin farko na fara da injuna ya warmed injin turbin gaba. A halin da ake ciki ya canza tare da saki a cikin manyan-sikelin samar na musamman engine man fetur.

A farko aikace-aikace

Tu-95 da aka fara hange a filin jirgin sama a Kyiv yankin a marigayi 1955. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da dama gyare-gyare na asali da kuma shiga rukunin 409 TBAP. A shekara, an kafa wani rabo rajimanti, wanda kuma sami wani wuri domin hudu TU-95. Na dogon lokaci, da makami mai linzami dako aka dauke da makamai kawai Ukrainian Soviet Air Force. Duk da haka, tun lokacin da marigayi 1960s. TU-95 da kuma ta gyare-gyare kammala soja hangars a cikin ƙasa na ba-rana Rasha.

Don samar da regiments kusa da kai harin sun gano hare kan dabarun NATO sojojin a kudancin Asia, kazalika da kasar Sin. Jirage kasance ko da yaushe a kan jijjiga. Ba da da ewa, da Hukumomin Amurka ganin irin wannan hadari jari na fama ikon a kwasfan dirkoki guda da kuma dangantakar diplomasiyya sun zama alaka. A sakamakon haka, Tarayyar Soviet ya tarwatsa mafi daga cikin makami mai linzami kan yankin ƙasarsu.

Tun daga shekarar 1960-ies. TU-95 sa'an nan ya lura kan Arctic, da tekun Indiya, da Atlantic yankin da kuma kasar Birtaniya. Akai-akai don irin wannan ayyuka na kasar ya mayar da martani bisa ta'adi, ƙwanƙwasawa makami mai linzami. Duk da haka, da hukuma da irin haka ba records ya ba aka yi.

aikace-aikace da jimawa ba

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007, Rasha makami mai linzami akai-akai lura daga cikin iska domin atisayen sojin da Birtaniya Army. Similar faru sun faru a Gulf na Clyde da Hebrides. Duk da haka, a kowane lokaci ga 'yan mintuna a cikin sama mafitar Birtaniya mayakan da barazanar yajin aka tare da TU-95 bayan ta kan iyakoki.

Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2008, makami mai linzami dako da aka gani a sansanin soja da kuma jirgin sama dako NATO. A wannan lokacin, akwai daya lalacewar m TU-95. Official bayani da aka ruwaito a kan Sanadin da hatsari.

Yau da "Bears" ta ci gaba da fadin duniya m ayyukan.

hadarin jirgin sama

A cewar statistics, kowane 2 shekaru akwai wata babbar hatsari m TU-95. Gaba daya a lokacin aiki ya fado 31 makami mai linzami. Yawan matattu ne 208 mutane.

A mafi yawan 'yan hatsari Tu-95 ya faru a cikin watan Yuli 2015. Da bala'i ya faru da jirgin gyara. Babban dalilin auka daga cikin masana kira m yanayin jiki na naúra.

Hatsari m Tu-95 MS ya yi sanadiyar rayukan biyu ma'aikatan jirgin. A hadarin ya faru kusa da Khabarovsk. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, a da makami mai linzami a cikin jirgin nan da nan suka ƙaryata game da duk injuna.

dauke da makamai

TU-95 a kan ma'auni VVS Tarayyar Soviet har Tarayyar Soviet rushe a shekarar 1991. A wancan lokaci, wani babban bangare ne a sabis na Ukraine - game da 25 submarines. Dukansu sun kasance wani bangare na musamman nauyi rajimanti a Uzin. A 1998, gindi ya daina wanzuwa. A sakamakon da aka soke na jirgin sama da m hallaka. Sashe na daga cikin kai harin da aka tuba a cikin wani kasuwanci trucking.

A shekarar 2000, Ukraine mika sauran Rasha TU-95 don biya na jama'a bashi. A total adadin biyan bashin da aka kimanin $ 285 miliyan. A shekara ta 2002, 5 TU-95 da aka modified zuwa wani Multi-aikin nauyi jirgin sama.

A ranar, da Rasha makamai kunshi game da 30 submarines. Wani 60 raka'a su ne a cikin ajiya.

Major gyare-gyare

Mafi na kowa bambancin ne asalin TU-95 MS. Wannan jirgin sama dauke da cruise KH-55 makamai masu linzami. Don kwanan wata, sun kasance mafi sauransu daga 95th model.

A gaba rare yana dauke da wani canji na Tu-95 A. Yana da wani dabarun submarine makamashin nukiliyar. Yana siffofi na musamman compartments adanar radiological warheads. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura shi ne da horo version tare da haruffan "U" da "CS".

Kwatanta da waje analogues

Mafi m da bayani dalla-dalla na TU-95 ne American m B-36J da B-25H. A maras nauyi da kuma size ne babu bambancin. Duk da haka, da Rasha da makami mai linzami tasowa a yanzu mafi girma talakawan gudun: 830 km / h gaban 700 km / h. Har ila yau, TU-95 shĩ ne mafi girma fama radius da iyaka. A daya hannun, US analogues m rufi a sama game da 20% kuma mafi fili kaya bay (7-8 ton). Gogayya Motors kamar daidai.