Dabarar chlorophyll da kuma rawar da take cikin photosynthesis

Me ya sa ciyayi, da ganye a kan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyin kore? Sakamakon dukan chlorophyll. Kuna iya ɗaukar igiya mai karfi da ilimin kuma kuyi karfi tare da shi.

Tarihi

Bari mu rage dan kadan a cikin kwanan baya. Joseph Bieneme Cavanto da Pierre Joseph Pelletier - wanda ke bukatar girgiza hannunsa. Mutanen kimiyya sun yi ƙoƙarin raba waƙar fata daga ganyen shuke-shuke. An yi nasara da kokarin da aka yi a 1817.

Ana kiran alade chlorophyll. Daga Girkanci chloros - kore, da kuma phyllon - leaf. Ko da kuwa abin da aka faɗa, a farkon karni na 20, Mikhail Tsvet da Richard Wilstetter sun yanke shawarar cewa: yana nuna cewa an haɗa da wasu abubuwa da dama a cikin chlorophyll.

Yana maida hannayensa, Willstatter ya fara aiki. Tsarkakewa da crystallization sun bayyana abubuwa biyu. An kira su ne kawai, alpha da beta (a da b). Domin aikinsa a binciken binciken wannan abu a shekarar 1915, an ba shi lambar kyautar Nobel.

A 1940, Hans Fischer ya ba da shawarar zuwa ga dukan duniya tsarin karshe na chlorophyll "a". King of the synthesis Robert Burns Woodward da kuma masana kimiyya da dama daga Amurka sun karbi ragamar samfurori a cikin shekarun 1960. Sabili da haka rufin ɓoye ya buɗe - bayyanar chlorophyll.

Chemical Properties

Formula chlorophyll, m daga gwaji sigogi, shi ne kamar haka: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ Ya ₄ MG. Tsarin ya hada da kwayoyin dicarboxylic acid (chlorophyllin), da kuma barasa methyl da phytol. Chlorophylline wani fili ne wanda yake da dangantaka da magudanium porphyrins kuma ya ƙunshi nitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll bayyana ester saboda gaskiyar cewa sauran sassa na methyl barasa CH ₃ OH da phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH maye gurbin da hydrogen na carboxyl kungiyoyin.

A sama ne tsarin tsari na chlorophyll alpha. La'akari da shi a hankali, ana iya gani cewa beta-chlorophyll daya oxygen zarra mafi amma kasa da biyu hydrogen atoms (Cho kungiyar a wuri na CH _3). Saboda haka, nauyin kwayoyin alpha-chlorophyll yana da kasa da na beta.

Magnesium ya kasance a tsakiya na ƙwayar abu mai ban sha'awa. Yana haɗuwa tare da samfurori 4 na nitrogen na tsarin pyrrole. Za'a iya kiyaye tsarin sha'ani na biyu da kuma canzawa guda biyu a pyrrole shaidu.

Chromophore samuwar, daidai fit a cikin tsarin chlorophyll - wannan shi ne N. Wannan damar da sha daga cikin mutum haskoki na hasken rana bakan, kuma ta launi, ko da abin rana da rana konewa kamar harshen wuta, da kuma da yamma kamar wutar.

Bari mu matsa zuwa girma. Matsayin porphyrin a diamita 10 nm, ɓangaren phytol yana da nisa 2 nm. A cikin tsakiya, chlorophyll na 0.25 nm, tsakanin microparticles na pyrrole kungiyoyin nitrogen.

Ina so in lura da cewa ma'aunin magnesium, wanda shine ɓangare na chlorophyll, kawai 0.24 nm a diamita kuma kusan cika cikakkiyar sararin samaniya a tsakanin halittun da ke dauke da kwayoyin pyrrole, wanda zai taimaka mahimmin kwayoyin zuwa karfi.

Mutum zai iya zuwa ƙarshe: daga abubuwa guda biyu a ƙarƙashin sunan mai sauki na alpha da beta, chlorophyll (a da b) an hada.

Chlorophyll a

Sakamakon yawan kwayoyin halitta shine 893.52. Ƙirƙiri ƙananan microcrystals a cikin baki tare da zane mai launi. A zafin jiki na digiri Celsius mai lamba 117-120, sun narke da sake sakewa cikin ruwa.

A cikin ethanol, chloroforms iri ɗaya ne, acetone, har ma benzenes an narkar da su. Sakamakon ya ɗauki launin launi mai launin shuɗi kuma yana da siffar rarrabe - cikakkiyar furo mai zurfi. Mai raɗaɗi mai narkewa a furotin man fetur. A cikin ruwa ba su kwashe ba.

Alpha chlorophyll Formula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ Ya ₄ MG. An kirkiro abu mai suna chlorine a cikin aikin gina jiki. A cikin zobe zuwa propionic acid, wato zuwa ga sauran, an haɗa phytol.

Wasu kwayoyin tsire-tsire, maimakon chlorophyll a, suna samar da maganarsu. A nan, wani ethyl kungiyar (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ a lokacin II pyrrole zobe da aka maye gurbinsu da roba (-CH = CH _2). Irin wannan kwayar ta ƙunshi rukuni na farko na vinyl a cikin zobe ɗaya, na biyu a cikin zobe biyu.

Chlorophyll b

Formula chlorophyll-beta yana da wadannan nau'i: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ Ya ₆ MG. A kwayoyin nauyi na abu ne 903. A C ₃ carbon atoms a pyrrole zobe biyu gano bit barasa bã tãre da hydrogen -HC = Ya, wanda yana da rawaya launi. Wannan shine bambanci daga chlorophyll a.

Mun yi kuskure mu lura cewa wasu nau'o'i na musamman na chlorophylls suna zama a cikin sassa na musamman na tantanin halitta, yana da mahimmanci don ci gaba da kasancewar plastids-chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll c da d

A cikin cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, kazalika da bacillariophyte da launin ruwan kasa algae, chlorophyll c. Classic porphyrin - wannan shi ne abin da ya bambanta wannan pigment.

A cikin ja algae chlorophyll d. Wasu shakka sun kasance. An yi imani cewa kawai samfur ne na degeneration na chlorophyll a. A wannan lokacin zamu iya amincewa da cewa chlorophyll tare da harafin d shine ainihin maƙalar wasu matakan proyaryot photosynthetic.

Properties na chlorophyll

Bayan binciken zurfi, shaida ta nuna cewa a cikin halaye na chlorophyll, wanda yake a cikin tsire-tsire kuma an fitar da shi, akwai bambanci. Chlorophyll a cikin tsire-tsire yana hade da gina jiki. Ana nuna wannan ta hanyar lura da wadannan:

1. Shafan bakan chlorophyll a cikin leaf yana da bambanci, idan mutum ya kwatanta shi tare da cirewa ɗaya.
2. Gishiri mai tsabta daga tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, abin da aka kwatanta shi ba daidai ba ne. An cire hakar a cikin kwanciyar hankali tare da ganye mai tsabta, ko kuma wajibi ne a kara ruwa zuwa barasa. Ita ce wadda ta rushe sunadaran gina jiki zuwa chlorophyll.
3. Kayan abu, wanda aka yadu daga ganyen tsire-tsire, an lalatar da sauri a ƙarƙashin rinjayar oxygen, ƙaddara acid, hasken hasken rana.

Amma chlorophyll a cikin tsire-tsire yana da tsayayya ga duk abin da ke sama.

Chloroplasts

Kwayoyin Chlorophyll sun ƙunshi 1% na kwayoyin halitta. Ana iya samuwa a cikin kwayoyin musamman na tantanin halitta - plastids, wanda ya nuna rashin rarraba shi a cikin shuka. Ana kiran kwayoyin salula, mai launin kore da kuma ciwon chlorophyll, ana kiran su chloroplasts.

Yawan H ₂ Ya a chloroplast jeri daga 58 zuwa 75% daskararru ciki kunshi sunadarai, lipids, chlorophyll da carotenoids.

Ayyuka na chlorophyll

Masanan kimiyya sun samo asali game da tsari na kwayoyin chlorophyll da kwayoyin hemoglobin, babban ɓangaren jini na jini. Bambanci ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa a cikin kunshin kunnuwan a tsakiyar tsakiyar alade yana da magnesium, kuma a cikin hemoglobin - baƙin ƙarfe.

A yayin photosynthesis, ciyayi na duniya yana shafe carbon dioxide kuma ya sake cire oxygen. Anan wani aiki mai kyau na chlorophyll. Ana iya kwatanta aikinsa tare da haemoglobin, amma yawan adadin jiki ga jikin mutum ya fi girma.

Chlorophyll wani alade ne, mai haske da haske kuma an rufe shi cikin kore. Kashi na gaba shine photosynthesis, inda kwayoyin halitta suka canza makamashi na rãnar da kwayoyin halitta suke amfani da su cikin makamashi.

Mutum zai iya zuwa ga abubuwan da ke biyo baya cewa photosynthesis shine tsarin sake canza makamashin rana. Idan kun amince da bayanan zamani, ana lura cewa ana biyo bayan sunadaran kwayoyin halitta daga carbon dioxide da ruwa tare da yin amfani da hasken wutar lantarki ya koma kashi uku.

Stage matakin 1

Wannan lokaci yana samuwa ta hanyar samfurin ruwa na ruwa, tare da taimakon chlorophyll. An lura da iskar oxygen kwayoyin.

Stage matakin 2

Ana lura da yawancin halayen haɓakaccen haɓakaccen haɓakawa a nan. Suna da hannu sosai a cikin cytochromes da sauran masu ɗaukan electrons. Hakan ya faru ne saboda hasken wutar lantarki da aka canjawa ta hanyar lantarki daga ruwa zuwa NADPH da kuma samar da ATP. A nan ana adana makamashi mai haske.

Stage na lamba 3

Tuni aka kafa NADPH da ATP ana amfani da su don canza carbon dioxide zuwa carbohydrate. Rashin hasken wutar lantarki ya raguwa a cikin halayen matakai 1 da 2. Halin halayen na karshen, na uku, ya faru ba tare da hasken haske ba kuma ana kira duhu.

Photosynthesis ne kawai hanyar nazarin halittu wanda ke faruwa tare da karuwar makamashi kyauta. Hanyar kai tsaye ko a kaikaice yana samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci na shafuka, reshe, wingless, quadrupeds da sauran kwayoyin dake zaune a cikin ƙasa.

Hemoglobin da chlorophyll

Wadannan kwayoyin na hemoglobin da chlorophyll suna da hadaddun amma a lokaci guda irin tsarin atomatik. Kullum a tsarin su shine bayanin martaba - zobe na kananan zobba. Bambanci yana gani a cikin rufin da aka haɗe a cikin bayanin martaba, kuma a cikin siffofin da ke ciki: ƙananan ƙarfe (Fe) a cikin hemoglobin, a magnesium chlorophyll (Mg).

Chlorophyll da haemoglobin suna kama da tsari, amma sunada tsarin gina jiki daban-daban. A kusa da magnesium atom kafa chlorophyll, a kusa da baƙin ƙarfe - hemoglobin. Idan ka ɗauki kwayoyin ruwa na chlorophyll da kuma cire wutsiyar phytol (20 sarkar carbon), canza ƙarfin magnesium zuwa baƙin ƙarfe, sa'annan launin launi na pigment ya zama ja. A sakamakon haka - kwayoyin da aka shirya da hemoglobin.

Chlorophyll yana da sauƙin sauƙi kuma da sauri, godiya ga wannan kamanni. Yana taimaka wa jiki tare da ciwon oxygen yunwa. Saturates jini tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci, saboda haka ya fi dacewa wajen fitar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci don rayuwa zuwa sel. Akwai kayan aiki na kayan sharar gida, dacewa, sharar gida, sakamakon sakamako na halitta. Yana da tasiri akan jinin jini mai barci, tada su.

An bayyana gwarzo ba tare da jin tsoro da kariya ba, yana ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin tantanin halitta, yana taimakawa mayar da kayan haɗin kai. Zuwa gamsar da chlorophyll za'a iya danganta da warkar da ciwon ulcers, da dama da raunuka. Inganta aikin rigakafi, ƙarfin da za a dakatar da ketare na kwayoyin halittar DNA.

Kyakkyawan halin da ake ciki wajen magance cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan ba dukkan jerin ayyukan kirki na abu wanda aka bincika ba.