Gas na iskar gas: dabara. Kayan aikin gas na gas. Duk nau'ukan gas

A yau mun san wani m iri-iri na gas. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane samu dakin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin da sunadarai, wasu kafa da kansu a sakamakon halayen kamar yadda ta-kayayyakin. Kuma abin da gas ake samar a cikin yanayi? Babban irin wannan gas halitta, halitta asalin huɗu ne:

• iskar gas, wanda dabara na CH _4;
• Nitrogen, N _2;
• hydrogen, H _2;
• carbon dioxide, CO _2.

Hakika, akwai wasu sauran - oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, inert gas, carbon monoxide. Duk da haka, na sama ne da gaske muhimmanci ga mutane da kuma amfani da su domin daban-daban dalilai, ciki har da matsayin man fetur.

Mene ne iskar gas?

Iskar gas da aka sani kamar yadda irin wannan, wanda yanayi ne yake ba mu. Wannan ne, da abun ciki wanda a ciki na Duniya ne yafi hakan da kuma fiye da adadin da aka samu a masana'antu a sakamakon sinadaran halayen.

Fiye da aka sani a matsayin iskar gas, methane, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Idan ka dubi abun da ke ciki na gas kasarun adadi, za mu iya ganin ya na gaba bangaren abun da ke ciki:

• methane (96%).
• ethane.
• propane.
• butane.
• hydrogen.
• carbon dioxide.
• nitrogen.
• hydrogen sulfide (kananan, alama yawa).

Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa iskar gas - mix na dama da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa gas.

Halitta gas: Formula

Daga cikin sinadaran ra'ayi iskar gas ne cakuda mikakke hydrocarbons sauki tsarin - methane, ethane, propane da butane. Duk da haka, tun da ya fi girma girma na duk methane, da yarda janar dabara iskar gas kai tsaye bayyana dabara methane. Saboda haka, shi dai itace cewa da sinadaran dabara na iskar gas methane CH _4.

Sauran gyara da wadannan empirical dabara a cikin sunadarai:

• ethane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10.
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

A cakuda da irin wannan abubuwa ne iskar gas. Its main Formula methane fili ya nuna cewa da carbon abun ciki daga gare shi ne kadan. Wannan shafar ta jiki Properties, kamar ikon ƙona wani colorless, gaba daya hayaki batu. Duk da yake wasu membobin ta homologue jerin (jerin cikakken hydrocarbons ko alkanes) a lokacin konewa ta samar da baki da hayaki harshen wuta.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

A yanayi, wannan gas da aka samu zurfin karkashin kasa, da lokacin farin ciki da m yadudduka na sedimentary dutse. Akwai biyu main theories na asalin halitta gas a yanayi.

1. A ka'idar tectonic ƙungiyoyi kankara. Proponents wannan ka'idar yi imani da cewa hydrocarbons dauke da irin ƙaunar da ƙasa da aka yaushe tashe a sakamakon tectonic ƙungiyoyi da kuma cuts up. A saman babban matsin da kuma zazzabi canje-canje sanya su a sakamakon sinadaran halayen a cikin biyu halitta ma'adanai - man fetur da kuma iskar gas.
2. Biogenic ka'idar shawara wani hanya a wanda iskar gas da aka kafa. Da dabara ya nuna ta ingantaccen abun da ke ciki - carbon da hydrogen, wanda ya nuna cewa da samuwar dauki rayuwa kwayoyin halittu wanda jikin da aka samu halartar mafi yawa gina fita daga wadannan abubuwa, kamar dukan abubuwa masu rai a wannan duniyar tamu da ta wanzu har ya zuwa yau. A tsawon lokaci, ragowar matattu shuke-shuke da dabbobi nutse a kasa da teku bene, inda akwai ba oxygen kuma kwayoyin iya decompose da sake sarrafasu, da kwayoyin halitta. A sakamakon anaerobic lalata na biomass ya faru, da kuma a kan miliyoyin shekaru, wani tushe na biyu ma'adanai - man fetur da kuma iskar gas. Kamar wancan akai na biyu na wannan - shi hydrocarbons da kuma jera na low kwayoyin nauyi abubuwa. A sunadarai dabara na gas da kuma man fetur ya tabbatar da shi. Duk da haka, lokacin da fallasa su yanayi daban-daban da kuma daban-daban kayayyakin suna kafa: a high matsa lamba da kuma zazzabi - gas, da low - man fetur.

Yau, babban filayen da kuma iskar gas reserves da kasashe irin su Rasha, Amurka, Canada, Iran, Norway da kuma Netherlands.

A cewar ta Jihar tari na iskar gas ba zai iya ko da yaushe a dauke kawai a cikin gas jihar. Akwai da dama zažužžukan domin sandaro:

1. A gas narkar da a cikin man kwayoyin.
2. Gas narkar da a cikin ruwa kwayoyin.
3. Gas hydrates samar da wata m.
4. Karkashin al'ada yanayi - gaseous fili.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan jihohi na da filin, da kuma shi ne mai muhimmanci da mutane.

Samun a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu

Bugu da kari ga iskar gas samar da wuraren, akwai hanyoyi da dama don samun shi a cikin Lab. Wadannan hanyoyin, duk da haka, lalle zã a yi amfani ne kawai ga karami batches na samfurin, tun da iskar gas kudin da su aiwatar da a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kira ne ba riba.

Laboratory hanyoyin:

1. Hydrolysis low kwayoyin mahadi - aluminum carbide: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ Ya = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (OH) _3.
2. Sodium acetate a gaban Alkali: CH ₃ COOH + NaOH = CH ₄ + Na ₂ CO _3.
3. Daga syngas: CO + 3H ₂ = CH ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Daga sauki abubuwa - carbon da hydrogen - a dagagge zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba.

A sunadarai dabara na iskar gas methane dabara nuna, don haka da cewa duk halayen halayyar alkanes, halin ga wani ba gas.

A masana'antu samar methane hakar daga halitta adibas da kuma ci gaba da aiki na kasarun adadi. Har ila yau, da samfurin gas ake bukata bukatun tsaftacewa. Bayan iskar gas methane dabara ya nuna kawai wani ɓangare na gyara cewa shi ya ƙunshi. Domin amfanin gida yana bukatar tsabta gas dauke da wani abubuwa wanin methane. M ethane, propane, butane da sauran gas ma yadu amfani.

jiki Properties

gas lissafi ba wani ra'ayin abin da jiki halaye dole ne ya mallaka. Ka yi la'akari da abin da irin halaye.

1. Colorless m, odorless.
2. M yawa dabam tsakanin 0,7-1 kg / m ^3.
3. A konewa zafin jiki na 650 ⁰ C.
4. Kusan biyu sau wuta fiye iska.
5. A zafi sake ta konewa na daya cubic mita na gas, daidai da miliyan 46 joules.
6. A mafi girma yawa (a kan 15%) a cikin iska gas ne sosai m.
7. Lokacin amfani da matsayin man fetur farfado Octane yawan daidai to 130.

The tsarki gas da aka samu kawai bayan wucewa da shi ta hanyar wani na musamman da magani shuke-shuke (shuke-shuke), wanda aka gina a kan site na m hakar.

aikace-aikace

Akwai da dama babban wuraren yin amfani da iskar gas. Bayan Bugu da kari ta zuwa ga babban bangaren, da gas wanda dabara CH ₄ amfani da duk sauran aka gyara daga cikin cakuda.

1. Mai amfani da fanni na rayuwa. Ga shi yana nufin a gas dafa abinci, dumama zama gine-gine, makãmashi ga boilers da sauransu. A gas amfani don dafa abinci, ƙara musamman abubuwa na zuwa rukuni na mercaptans. Wannan ne yake aikata to tabbatar da cewa, a cikin taron na yayyo na gas bututu ko wasu lapses cewa mutane za su iya sansana shi da kuma daukar mataki. Domestic gas cakuda (wanda yake shi ne cakuda propane da butane) ne musamman m, a mafi girma yawa. Mercaptans ma sa takamaiman da m wari da iskar gas. Da dabara qunshi abubuwa kamar sulfur da phosphorus, wanda ya ba su wani bayani dalla-dalla.

2. Chemical samar. A wannan yanki, daya daga cikin manyan farawa kayan for yawa muhimmanci halayen samar mahadi ne iskar gas, da dabara wanda ke nuna syntheses a cikin abin da za a iya hannu:

• Dalili a samar da robobi, wanda sun fi na kowa zamani abu domin kusan duk wuraren masana'antu.
• raw kayan a cikin kira na ethynyl, hydrogen cyanide da ammonia. Sami wadannan kayayyakin a nan gaba je samar da yawa roba zaruruwa da yadudduka, takin zamani da rufi a yi;
• roba, methanol, Organic acid - suna kafa daga methane da sauran abubuwa. Ana amfani da a cikin kusan dukkan yankunan da 'yan adam.
• polyethylene da kuma wasu mahadi roba yanayi samu godiya methane.

3. Amfani da matsayin man fetur. Bugu da ƙari, domin kowane irin mutum aiki, jere daga ciko da ya dace da irin tebur fitilu kuma don thermal ikon shuke-shuke. Wannan irin na man fetur da aka dauke su ecologically daidai da dace da bango dukkan madadin hanyoyin. Duk da haka, da konewa daga cikin methane ta samar da carbon dioxide a matsayin wani Organic abu. Kuma ya aka sani ya zama cikin hanyar Duniya ta greenhouse sakamako. Saboda haka, ya kamata mutane su samu aiki har ma fiye da tsarki da kuma high quality-tushen thermal makamashi.

Wannan duk tushe ko amfani da iskar gas. Formula shi, idan ka dauki duk hadaddun aka gyara, ya nuna cewa shi ne kusan a iya sabunta hanya, lokacin, kawai kana bukatar ka yi sosai. Our kasar da reserves na iskar gas ne musamman sa'a saboda adadin irin albarkatun zai šauki daruruwan shekaru, ba kawai Rasha amma sauran kasashe ta hanyar fitarwa.

nitrogen

Yana da wani ɓangare na halitta da kuma man gas adibas. Bugu da kari, da gas bautar wani babban ɓangare na girma a cikin iska (78%), kuma ya auku a cikin nau'i na halitta mahadi a cikin lithosphere nitrate.

A matsayin mai sauki abu kusan amfani da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta nitrogen. Da dabara ne daga cikin irin ₂ N, ko, a sharuddan da sunadarai shaidu, N≡N. A gaban irin wannan karfi da connection nuna wani babban zaman lafiya da kuma sinadaran inertness na kwayoyin karkashin al'ada yanayi. Wannan shi ne abin da ya bayyana da yiwuwar kasancewar babban adadin wannan gas a free form a cikin yanayi.

A wani sauki abu iya gyarawa nitrogen musamman kwayoyin - rhizobia. Suna nan sarrafa a cikin wani more dace siffar ga gas shuka da kuma ta haka ne kawo ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki na shuka tushen tsarin.

Akwai da dama na asali mahadi, a tsari wanda akwai a cikin yanayi nitrogen. Da dabara na masu biyowa:

• oxides - NO _2, N ₂ Ya, N ₂ Ya _5;
• acid - nitrous da nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (samar da walƙiya jini daga oxides a iska).
• nitrate - KNO _3, Nano _3, da sauransu.

Man nitrogen da ake amfani ba kawai a matsayin gas, amma a cikin ruwa a jihar. Yana yana da ikon zama ruwa a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa -170 ⁰ C, wanda ya sa ya dace da misãlin kayan lambu da dabbobi tsokoki, da yawa kayan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa tartsatsi amfani da ruwa nitrogen ne a magani.

Har ila yau, nitrogen ne dalilin samun daya daga cikin babban sadarwa - ammonia. Production tonnage na abu, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin iyali da kuma masana'antu (shiri rubbers, dyes, robobi, roba zaruruwa, Organic acid, Paint samar da nakiyoyi da sauransu).

carbon dioxide

Mene ne dabara da abu? Carbon dioxide da aka rubuta a matsayin CO _2. Covalent bond a cikin kwayoyin weakly iyakacin duniya, dual m sinadaran sojojin tsakanin carbon da oxygen. Wannan ya nuna da zaman lafiya da kuma inertness na kwayoyin karkashin al'ada yanayi. Wannan al'amari aka tabbatar da wanzuwar free carbon dioxide a sararin iska.

Wannan abu ne mai bangaren da iskar gas da man fetur, da kuma ma accumulates a cikin sama yanayi na duniya, haifar da ake kira greenhouse sakamako.

Mafiya adadin carbon dioxide kafa a lokacin konewa na wani irin kwayoyin man fetur. Ko ci, itace, gas, ko sauran man fetur, cikakken konewa sakamakon da samuwar ruwa da kuma abu.

Saboda haka, shi dai itace cewa da jari a cikin yanayi ne makawa. Saboda haka, wani muhimmin aiki na zamani al'umma ne search for madadin, wanda minimizes man fetur greenhouse sakamako.

hydrogen

Wani hau fili da ke faruwa a cikin abun da ke ciki na halitta ma'adanai - shi ne hydrogen. Gas wanda dabara - H _2. A mafi sauki na duk aka sani al'amarin a yau.

Godiya ta zuwa ga musamman Properties a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin bautarka biyu matsayi - tsakanin Alkali karafa da kuma halogens. Samun daya electron da yake iya bada shi a matsayin (ƙarfe Properties, sabuntawa) da kuma yarda da (ba na ƙarfe ba Properties, hadawan abu da iskar shaka).

Babban yankin na amfani - shi ne mai tsabtace muhalli man fetur, ga wanda da masu bincike ganin nan gaba. dalilai:

• Unlimited yawan hannun jari na wannan gas.
• samuwar a sakamakon konewa ne kawai ruwa.

Duk da haka, da cikakken fasahar ci gaba na hydrogen a matsayin makamashi Madogararsa bukatar a inganta har yanzu da yawa nuances.

Dabarbari ga lissafi taro, yawa, da kuma ƙarfi na gas

A kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai tambaya 'yan ainihin hanyoyin da za a shirya da gas. Alal misali, idan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci sigogi kamar da taro na gas, a bisa lissãfi dabara ne:

m = V * Th, a cikinsa TH - shi ne da yawa daga wani abu da kuma V - ta girma.

Alal misali, idan muka bukatar yin lissafi da taro na iskar gas girma na 1 cubic mita a karkashin al'ada yanayi, sa'an nan muka yi nufin darajar Tutar ta yawa a cikin tunani abu. Yana zai zama daidai da 0,68 kg / m ^3. Yanzu da yake mun san girma da kuma yawa daga cikin gas, ga lissafi na dabara ne quite kõma, zuwa ga bukatun. Sa'an nan:

m (CH ₄₎ = 0,68 kg / m ³ * 1 ^M3 = 0,68 kg, kamar yadda rage cubic mita.

Formula gas girma, da bambanci, ya kunshi cikin taro kuma yawa Manuniya. Wannan shi ne, za mu iya bayyana darajar da sanyi sama:

V = m / TH, sa'an nan a misali yanayi na 2 kg adadin methane ne daidai da 2 / 0,68 = 2,914 m ^3.

Har ila yau, a mafi hadaddun lokuta (a lokacin da yanayi ne wadanda ba misali) yin lissafi da taro da kuma girma na gas amfani Mendeleyev-Clapeyron lissafi, wanda yana da siffar:

p * V = m / M * R * T, inda p - gas matsa lamba, V - ta girma, m da M - taro kuma matauni taro, bi da bi, R - duniya gas m daidai 8,314, T - da yawan zafin jiki a Kelvin.

Wannan gas girma dabara samar kimomi sosai a kusa da darajar da manufa gas, wanda akwai zalla misali ne da ake amfani da su m Concepts a warware matsaloli a cikin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu yin lissafi da ƙara na lissafi Boyle, wanda yana da siffar:

V = p _n * V _n * T / p * T _n, inda index darajar n - suna dabi'u a karkashin al'ada misali yanayi.

Don lissafi shi ne mafi daidai da daidai da gaskiya, wannan wani zaɓi don a yi la'akari, a matsayin yawa daga cikin gas. A dabara domin kirga wannan siga ne har yanzu a moot batu. Yanke shawarar amfani da ya fi na kowa sauki, cewa shi ne:

Th = m ₀ * n, inda m ₀ - kwayoyin taro (kg) n - taro naúrar - 1 / m ^3.

Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta ya zama dole a yi amfani da sauran, mafi hadaddun da cikakken lissafin da mahara canji, don samar da cikakken ne kuma kusa da manufa sakamakon.