Complex mahadi: nomenclature da rarrabuwa

The most da kuma mafi bambancin daga cikin inorganic kayan ne a aji na hadaddun mahadi. Don haka za a iya dangana ga kungiyar na organometallic mahadi, kamar chlorophyll kuma haemoglobin. Yana da wadannan sadarwa suna gada ta haɗu da inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai a wani hadade kimiyya. Invaluable rawa wajen ci gaban na hadadden kayan ilimi a fagen hikimar tantance sunadarai da crystal sunadarai, nazarin mafi muhimmanci nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai: photosynthesis, ciki (salula) numfasawa.

A wannan labarin, za mu bincika tsarin da kuma nomenclature hadaddun mahadi, kazalika da ka'idodi na da rarrabuwa.

Coordination ka'idar A. Werner

A karshen XX karni Swiss masanin kimiyya A. Werner ya tabbatar da cewa kwayoyin a cikin wani hadadden abu ne da dama Tsarin wanda sun kasance daidai da cinye tsakiya ion, ligands (ligands) da kuma cikin matsanancin daidaituwa Sphere. Cewa mun kasance bayyananne rarrabuwa da kuma nomenclature hadaddun mahadi, mu bayyana wadannan matsalolin a more daki-daki. Saboda haka, A. Werner da aka tabbatar a gaban ion kwayoyin (yawanci gaskiya ma cajin), wanda ya mamaye a tsakiyar matsayi. Ya zama da aka sani da complexing wakili, da tsakiyar ion ko zarra. Yana iya dake kusa matsayin tsaka tsaki kwayoyin, ya kira ligands, da kuma barnatar da cajin anions barbashi cewa, samar da ciki daidaituwa Sphere na kayan. All sauran barbashi wanda ba ya shiga da shi, samar da matsanancin harsashi da kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, a cikin dabara cuprite sodium Na ₂ [Cu (OH) _4], a tsakiyar jan zarra a hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +2 da hudu gidroksogrupp dokoki ciki Sphere, yayin da sodium ions suna located a wasu nisa daga tsakiyar zarra a cikin matsanancin Sphere.

Hanyar for kayyade mai da hankali dabarbari da sunayen abubuwa

Ya zuwa yanzu, ka'idar A. Werner ne babban msar tambayar-akai a kan wanda ke karanta hadaddun gidaje. Nomenclature, watau, sunayen wadannan abubuwa suna ƙaddara da dokoki soma da International Society of Irfanin da kuma aiyuka Chemistry.

Mun bayar da dama misalai na dabarbari na abubuwa, wanda yana dauke da platinum complexing zarra - K ₂ [PtCl _6], ko kwayoyin NH ₃ - [Ag (NH _{3) 2]} CL. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da dabara za a iya samu ta amfani da wadannan halaye: biyu musayar halayen, matauni watsin da mafita X-ray diffraction Hanyar. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan hanyoyi a daki-daki.

Kamar yadda aka nuna tsarin da hadaddun platinum mahadi

Abubuwa na wannan kungiya suna halin gaban a cikin kwayoyin na tsakiyar platinum zarra. Lokacin da fili PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ yi bayani na azurfa nitrate, to, duk da chlorine ba a cikin kayan hade da karfe kwayoyin zarra da AgCl kafa fari flakes. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk na anions ne chlorine a cikin matsanancin daidaituwa Sphere, alhãli kuwa da ammonia kwayoyin da aka nasaba da tsakiyar platinum zarra kuma tare da shi ciki Sphere kafa.

Yana nufin wani daidaituwa fili na dabara, an rubuta su a cikin wannan tsari: [Pt (NH _{3) 6]} CL ₄ da kuma kira platinum hexammine chloride. By ta amfani da X-ray diffraction hanya, da chemists bincika da kuma sauran hadaddun mahadi wanda nomenclature za a shigar a cikin gaba sashe.

A crystalline mahadi chromium

A tsarin wannan kungiya na abubuwa da aka gano da jiki aiwatar da X-ray diffraction na muhimmi X-ray diffraction analysis. Wucewa ta cikin crystal raga, da electromagnetic kalaman warwatse da mataki na electrons da gwajin abu. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu sosai sosai a tantance abin da kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta ne a raga shafukan. m nomenclature hadaddun mahadi an halitta su chromium-dauke da lu'ulu'u. Misalan sunayen isomeric hydrates na trivalent chromium salts, kõma ta X-ray diffraction hanya, su ne kamar haka: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

An gano cewa a cikin wadannan kayan chromium zarra daure su shida daban-daban ligands. Ta yaya za a iya sanin da kudi da kuma wani factor rinjayar da daidaituwa lamba?

Kamar yadda tsakiyar zarra yana da nasaba da ligands

Don amsa tambayoyin tashe sama, za mu tuna da cewa, a cikin nan da nan kusanci da complexing wakili da dama Tsarin, kira ligands, ko ligands. Su total number, da kuma kayyade daidaituwa lambar. Bisa ga ka'idar A. Werner, liyafar, rarrabuwa da kuma nomenclature hadaddun mahadi kai tsaye dogara a kan wannan nuna alama. An correlatively hade tare da hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin tsakiyar zarra. A mahadi platinum, chromium, da baƙin ƙarfe daidaituwa dama daga cikin mafi daidaita shida. idan complexing wakili ne wakilta kwayoyin halitta na jan karfe, ko tutiya - hudu idan tsakiyar zarra ne na azurfa ko jan karfe - biyu.

Nau'in na hadaddun mahadi

A sunadarai, bambanta kamar babban azuzuwan da darajõji daga cikin tsaka abubuwa tsakanin su. Tattauna a baya taƙaitawar hadaddun mahadi wanda nomenclature nuna gaban a su tsarin ruwa kwayoyin ne aquacomplexes. By ammine hada abubuwa dauke da ammonia tsaka tsaki barbashi, kamar triiodo triamminrody. Peculiar kwayoyin tsarin da aji na chelating mahadi. Kuma sunan ya zo daga nazarin halittu lokaci chelicera - don haka ya kira kambori decapod. Wadannan abubuwa dauke da ligand, a sarari sanyi wanda ya hada da wani complexing wakili, kamar fika. Irin wannan mahadi hada ferric oxalate hadaddun, etilendiamminovy platinum hadaddun tare da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +4, aminoacetic acid salts, wanda dauke da ions na azurfa, ko na tagulla platinum.

Dokokin Tattara bayanan sunayen hadaddun mahadi

Mafi na kowa gwajin tambaya a nema a gare sunadarai a cikin shakka daga makarantar sakandare ne: kira da hadaddun fili na IUPAC-nomenclature. A wani takamaiman misali, mun bincika algorithm Tattara bayanan suna abu da ciwon da wadannan dabara: (NH _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ CL _4].

1. Sunan fara da kayyade abun da ke ciki na ciki daidaituwa Sphere. Ya ƙunshi hydroxyl kungiyoyin da anions na chlorine. Wadannan lakabi ƙara kawo karshen -o. Mun samu digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Yanzu za mu sami complexing wakili yin amfani da tsarin rubutu Latin sunan, da kuma ƙara cikinta kari na baya baki -AT cikin baka biyu za nuna ta digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka: platinate (IV).
3. Gama da ciki Sphere alama ce, da matsawa zuwa waje. Mun kira shi cation: a cikin wannan misali ne ammonium ions.

A sakamakon haka, da abu zai yi wani suna a cikin abin da duk na sama da aka jera tsari.

A amfani da hadaddun mahadi

A farkon wannan labarin, za mu kira mafi muhimmanci wakilan organometallic abubuwa irin haemoglobin, chlorophyll, bitamin. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism. Yadu amfani hadaddun mahadi a fasaha hawan keke na dab ferrous da kuma wadanda ba ferrous karafa. An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga a metallurgy carbonyls - musamman hadaddun mahadi wanda nomenclature nuna gaban a su kwayoyin na carbon monoxide CO a matsayin ligand. Wadannan mahadi an bazu a karkashin dumama da kuma rage karafa kamar nickel, da baƙin ƙarfe, cobalt daga ores. Mai gidaje suna kuma amfani da catalysts a cikin halayen samar varnishes, Paints da kuma robobi.