Samuwar, Labarin

Cold War: da shekaru ne. Duniya a lokacin Cold War. Kasashen waje da manufofin a lokacin Cold War

A rikici tsakanin kungiyar Soviet Socialist jamhuriyoyin da United States of America dade fiye da shekaru 40 da aka kira "yakin cacar". Shekaru na ta tsawon aka kiyasta ta daban-daban masana tarihi a hanyoyi daban-daban. Duk da haka, za mu iya amincewa ce cewa adawa ƙare a shekara ta 1991, tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Cold War bar wani kafu daram alama a cikin tarihin duniya. Duk wani rikici na baya karni (bayan karshen yakin duniya na II) shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da hanyar Prism na Cold War. Yana ba kawai wani rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu. Shi ne mai adawa tsakanin biyu sabani akidu, da gwagwarmayar mamayar kan duniya.

Babban dalilai

Shekara na farkon da Cold War - 1946 th. Sai bayan da shan kashi na Nazi Jamus loomed wani sabon taswirar duniya da sabon hammayarsu ga duniya mamayar. A nasara a kan ta Uku Reich da kawayenta tafi wata babbar jini a duk faɗin Turai, da kuma musamman Tarayyar Soviet. Future rikici mafi delineated a Yalta taron a shekarar 1945. A wannan sanannen taron Stalin, Churchill da Roosevelt yanke shawarar al'adar post-yaki Turai. A wannan lokaci, da Red Army yana zuwa Berlin, don haka ya zama dole don samar da abin da ake kira rabo daga duniyoyin da tasiri. Soviet sojojin, seasoned a yaki a kan karkararta, kai da kwato wasu mutanen kasashen Turai. A kasashen da suka shagaltar da Union, ta kafa wani m gurguzu gwamnatocin.

duniyoyin na tasiri

Daya daga cikin wadannan da aka kafa a Poland. A wannan yanayin, baya Polish gwamnati a London da kuma dauke kanta istinbadi. Kasashen turai goyon shi, amma jama'a suka zabe ta Polish jam'iyyar kwaminis a zahiri shine mulkin kasar. A Yalta taron, da batun ne musamman m dauke jam'iyyun. Har ila yau, irin wannan matsaloli da aka lura a wasu yankuna. Liberated daga Nazi zama al'umma halitta nasu gwamnatoci, tare da goyon bayan da Tarayyar Soviet. Saboda haka, bayan da nasara a kan ta Uku Reich karshe generated taswirar nan gaba na Turai.

Babban block na tsohon masõya fara bayan da rabo daga Jamus. Gabashin ɓangare na shagaltar Soviet sojojin, da Jamus Democratic Republic da aka zayyana. Northwest Biranan, wanda ya dauki ƙungiyõyin kãfirai, ya zama wani ɓangare na tarayyar Jamus. Tsakanin biyu gwamnatocin nan da nan ya fara feuds. The adawa kyakkyawan jagorancin da ƙulli daga kan iyakoki tsakanin kasashen yamma da kuma gabas ta Jamus. Fara leken asiri da kuma ko ɓarna da gangan.

Amurka mallaka

Cikin dukanin 1945 anti-Hitler kawance masõya ci gaba da aiki a hankali. Waɗannan su ne ayyukan canja wuri da fursunonin yaki (wanda ya dauki kan Nazis) da kuma dukiyarsa. Duk da haka, na gaba shekara da Cold War. Shekaru na farko exacerbation daidai a cikin postwar lokaci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin m farkon Churchill ta magana a cikin US birnin Fulton. To, akwai tsohon ministan kasar Birtaniya, ya ce cewa babban makiyin da West ne kwaminisanci da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya wakiltar. Winston kuma bukaci su gama duk Turanci al'ummai su magance tare da "ja annoba". Irin m kalamai iya ba amma sa mai mayar da martani a Moscow. Bayan wani lokaci, Iosif Stalin ya yi hira da jaridar "Pravda", a cikin wanda ya kwatanta da Turanci da manufofin da Hitler.

Kasashen a Cold War: biyu tubalan

Duk da haka, ko da yake Churchill ya mai zaman kansa mutum, shi ne kawai alama cikin shakka daga gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin duniya. United States haifar da karuwar tasirin da take da a duniya mataki. Wannan ya faru sun fi mayar saboda da yaki. Fama ayyukan da aka ba za'ayi a kan Amirka, ƙasa (tare da banda Japan kai harin hari). Saboda haka, a kan bango na Amurka lalatar Turai da wani fairly karfi tattalin arziki da kuma soja. Tsoron farkon mutane ta juyin juya halin (wanda za a goyan bayan da Tarayyar Soviet) a karkararta, da jari hujja gwamnatoci suka fara haduwa a kusa da kasar Amurka. Shi ne a cikin shekarar 1946 na farko ji ra'ayin wani soja NATO. A mayar da martani, da Soviets halitta nasu naúrar - ATS. Yana zo ma su da cewa jam'iyyun sun ɓullo da dabarun na 'yan gwagwarmaya da juna. A cikin shugabanci na Churchill ya da wani shirin na wani yiwu yaki da Tarayyar Soviet. Similar da tsare-tsaren sun kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Yana fara shirye-shirye domin kasuwanci da kuma akida yaki.

makamai tseren

A makamai tseren tsakanin kasashen biyu ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar mamaki wanda ya kawo Cold War. Shekaru tana fama da rikici, sun ɓatar to halittar musamman wajen yaki da har yanzu amfani da yau. The biyu da rabi na 40s da Amurka da wata babbar riba - makaman nukiliya. A farko da bama-bamai tare da makaman nukiliya warheads aka yi amfani da ko da a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. M "Enola Gay" kika aika da bama-bamai a kan Japan birnin Hiroshima, wanda kusan ya farke shi zuwa ga ƙasa. Wannan lokacin da duniya ga hallakaswa ikon makaman nukiliya. A Amurka ya fara rayayye kara da hannun jari irin wadannan makamai.

A Jihar musamman m dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka halitta New Mexico. A kan tushen da makaman nukiliya amfanin da kuma gina dabarun tsare-tsaren domin nan gaba dangantakar da Tarayyar Soviet. Tips, bi da bi, ya fara rayayye ci gaba da shirin nukiliya. Amirkawa yi ĩmãni gaban zargin da don inganta uranium, da Babban amfani. Saboda haka m sauri ya dauki fitar da duk takardun a kan ci gaban da makaman nukiliya daga yankin na ci Jamus a 1945. Asirin aka ɓullo jim kadan "Dropshot" shirin. Wannan shi ne wani dabarun daftarin aiki, wanda envisaged nukiliya yajin a kan Tarayyar Soviet. Bisa ga maganganun wasu masana tarihi, bambancin da wannan shirin Truman gabatar sau da yawa. Saboda haka ya ƙare na farko lokacin da Cold War shekaru, wanda su ne kalla tataccen.

Tarayyar makaman nukiliya

A shekarar 1949, Tarayyar Soviet nasarar gudanar na farko gwajin na nukiliya bam a site a Semipalatinsk, abin nan da nan ayyana duk kafofin watsa labaran yammacin. Ƙirƙiri RDS-1 (nukiliya bam) aka sanya yiwu sun fi mayar da godiya ga ayyuka na Soviet m cewa tsinkãyi ciki har da m hakikanta ƙasa a Los Alamosse.

Wannan m ci gaba da makaman nukiliya ne mai real mamaki ga Amurka. Daga yanzu a kan makaman nukiliya shi ne babban lãbãraiya na kai tsaye soja rikici tsakanin biyu sansani. M, a Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki ya nuna duniya da m ikon da atomic bam. Amma a cikin abin da shekara da aka Cold War ne mafi m?

Cuban harsashi rikicin

A duk shekara na Cold War, mafi zuciya-pounding da kuma halin da ake ciki shi ne a shekarar 1961. A rikici tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka suka gangara a tarihi a matsayin "Cuban harsashi Crisis". Ya gabatarwa sun dade kafin wannan. Yana duk fara da kirkirar na Amurka nukiliya da makamai masu linzami a kasar Turkiyya. Zargin "Jupiter" da aka shirya domin mu iya buga wani manufa a yammacin ɓangare na Rasha (ciki har da Moscow). Wannan hatsarin iya ba tafi a amsa ba.

A kawai 'yan shekaru kafin a Cuba fara wani m juyin juya halin jagorancin Fidel Castro. Da farko, da Tarayyar Soviet ba ga al'amurra a cikin tawaye. Duk da haka, da Cuban mutane nasara a kifar da Batista tsarin mulki. Bayan haka, jami'an Amurka ta ce ba za jure sabuwar gwamnati a kasar Cuba. Nan da nan bayan da cewa, tsakanin Moscow da kuma Liberty Island kafa kusa da dangantakar diplomasiyya tsakaninsu. Cuba Soviet soja raka'a aka sufuri.

A farkon da rikici

Bayan da girke makaman nukiliya a Turkey, da Kremlin yanke shawarar kai gaggawa matakan rama, tun wannan lokacin ya kasance ba zai yiwu ba a gudanar da jefa makaman nukiliya da makamai masu linzami a United States daga ƙasa na Union.

Yana da aka haka da sauri ɓullo da wani m aiki "Anadyr". Jirgin da aka kallafa ya sadar da wani dogon zangon makamai masu linzami a kasar Cuba. A watan Oktoba, na farko jiragen ruwa isa Havana. Yana fara hawa gammaye. A wannan lokaci da Amurka leken asiri jirgin sama sanya wani jirgin a kan tekun. Amirkawa gudanar a samu 'yan Shots na dabara rarrabu, wanda makamai da aka aika zuwa Florida.

A halin da ake ciki worsening

Nan da nan bayan da cewa, Amurka dakarun aka koma zuwa high jijjiga. Kennedy gudanar da wani taron gaggawa. Da dama manyan jami'an bukaci shugaba to nan da nan za a fara wani mamayewa na kasar Cuba. A taron na irin wannan ci gaba, da Red Army zai yi nan da nan kaddamar da wani makami mai linzami-nukiliya yajin kan saukowa. Wannan zai iya da kyau kai ga a duniya nukiliya yaki. Saboda haka, bangarorin biyu suka fara nemi yiwu daidaitawa. Bayan duk, kowa da kowa ya sani a sakamakon irin wannan Cold War. Shekaru na nukiliya hunturu ya shakka ba mafi kyau mai yiwuwa.

A halin da ake ciki da aka musamman siga, shi zai iya zahiri canza a kowane lokaci. Kamar yadda tarihi kafofin, a cikin wannan lokaci, Kennedy ko barci a ofishinsa. A sakamakon haka, da Amirkawa sun sa a gaba wani ultimatum - cire Soviet da makamai masu linzami daga kasar Cuba. Next ta fara wani sojan ruwa kawancen na tsibirin.

Khrushchev ma yana da irin wannan taron a Moscow. Da dama Soviet generals kuma nace ba to ba a ga Washington ta bukatunsu, da kuma wanda idan da Amirkawa tare. A brunt na kungiyar tarayyar zai iya zama ba a Cuba, amma a Berlin cewa fahimce shi sosai a fadar White House.

"Black Asabar"

A mafi girma barazana da makaman nukiya a duniya a lokacin Cold War ya halartar Oktoba 27, Asabar. A wannan rana, da American U-2 bincike jirgin sama ya tashi a kan Cuba da kuma aka harbe saukar da Soviet anti-aircraft Gunners. A cikin sa'o'i da ya faru ya zama sananne a Washington.

Congress shawarci shugaba to mamaye nan da nan. Shugaban yanke shawarar rubuta wata wasika zuwa Khrushchev, inda ya maimaita masa bukatar. Khrushchev ya amsa wa wannan wasika a lokaci daya, bayan amincewarsa da su, a madadin a Amurka jingina ba to mamaye Cuba da kuma cire linzami daga Turkey. Don sakon isa da sauri - wani request da aka sanya ta hanyar rediyo. A wannan Cuban harsashi rikicin ƙare. Tun daga nan na tsanani da halin da ake ciki ya fara hankali koma baya.

akida adawa

Kasashen waje da manufofin a lokacin Cold War duka biyu raka'a aka halin da ba kawai da kishi domin iko a kan yankuna, amma da wuya bayanai yaƙi. Biyu daban-daban tsarin da aka ƙoƙarin nuna wa duniya su magabaci. A Amurka an halitta ta shahara "Radio Liberty", wanda aka watsa shirye-shirye a kan ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sauran gurguzu kasashen. A ajali manufar da kamfanin dillancin labarai da aka gwagwarmaya da Bolshevism da kwaminisanci. Abin lura shi ne cewa "Radio Liberty" har yanzu akwai kuma aiki a kasashen da dama. Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin Cold War, ya kuma sanya wani irin tashar, wadda-shiryenta a cikin ƙasa na jari hujja kasashen.

Kowane gagarumin taron ga bil'adama na biyu da rabi na karni na karshe da aka gani a cikin mahallin da Cold War. Alal misali, jirgin na Yuri Gagarin ta sarari aka prepodneson duniya a matsayin nasarar Socialist Labor. Kasashen ciyar babbar albarkatu a kan farfaganda. Bugu da kari ga tallafawa da kuma goyon baya na al'adu, akwai mai fadi da cibiyar sadarwa na jamiái.

Spy wasan

Leken asirin mãkirci na Cold War an yadu nuna a cikin art. Asirin Service tafi wani iri-iri dabaru zama mataki daya kafin abokan adawarsa. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali lokuta - da aiki "Confessions," wanda shi ne mafi kamar jami'in labarin kayan leken asiri.

Ko a lokacin yaki, da Soviet masanin kimiyya Leo lokaci halitta na musamman da watsawa cewa ba ya bukatar recharging ko ikon Madogararsa. Shi ne mai irin tutur motsi na'ura. Sauraro na'urar da aka kira "Chrysostom". KGB a kan sirri umarni na Beriya yanke shawarar kafa da "Chrysostom" a cikin ofishin jakadancin Amurka. A saboda wannan dalili shi an halitta wani katako, garkuwa da gashi na makamai na Amurka. A lokacin ziyarar, da jakadan kasar Amurka a cikin yara kiwon lafiya sansanin "Artek" kauri layi da aka shirya. A karshen majagaba rera waka da Amurka take kasar, sa'an nan ya taɓa Jakadan mika wani katako gashi. Duk tuhumar wani abin zamba, shigar da shi a cikin asusunka. Saboda wannan da KGB 7 shekaru don samun bayanai game da duk bayan tattaunawar. Irin haka ne bude ga jama'a da kuma m, shi ne mai girma sa.