Coal: Properties. Coal: asalin, samar, farashin

Tun zamanin da, 'yan adam yana amfani da kwal a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi. Kuma yau shi ne amfani ma'adinai amfani yadu isa. Wani lokacin shi ake kira makamashin hasken rana, wanda aka conserved a cikin dutse.

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Coal ƙone ba zafi wanda shi ne don ruwan zafi da kuma dumama gidãje. Amfani m amfani a smelting matakai na karafa. Thermal shuke-shuke ci incineration ne tuba zuwa cikin wutar lantarki.

Kimiyya ci gaba da damar amfani da wannan m abu daban. Saboda haka, a cikin sinadaran masana'antu sun samu nasarar ci gaba da fasaha damar zuwa samu daga ci wani ruwa da man fetur, kazalika da rare karafa kamar germanium da gallium. Daga m m halin yanzu cirewa carbon-graphite kumshin kayan da carbon vyskokoy taro. Har ila yau aikata hanyoyin domin samar da robobi da kuma high kalori man fetur da gas daga kwal.

A sosai low sulusi da murabba'i na low-sa kwal da ƙura bayan sarrafa matsa zuwa cikin briquettes. Wannan abu ne cikakke ga dumama zaman kansa gidaje da masana'antu gabatarwa. A kan dukan, samar da fiye da ɗari huɗu da daban-daban na kayayyakin bayan da sinadaran magani, wanda aka fallasa a ci. Farashin wadannan kayayyakin a cikin da dama, fiye da sau da kudin da albarkatun kasa.

A cikin 'yan ƙarni, mutãne sa m amfani da kwal a matsayin man fetur da ake bukata, don samar da, kazalika da samar da makamashi hira. Kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da bukatar wannan muhimmanci da burbushin ƙaruwa. Wannan na taimaka wa ci gaban da sinadaran masana'antu, kazalika da bukatar samu barinta muhimmanci da kuma rare abubuwa. A wannan batun, a Rasha a yau gudanar da wani m bincike na sabon filayen, ƙirƙiri mahakar da quarries, kamfanin gina domin Juyin m raw kayan.

Asalin burbushin

A zamanin da, duniya wani dumi da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi a wadda bambancin da ciyayi to yabanya. Daga shi a nan gaba da kuma kafa kwal. Asalin wannan burbushin ta'allaka ne da jari na biliyoyin ton na matattu da ciyayi a kasa na swamps, inda suka rufe da laka. Tun daga nan ta wuce ta game da miliyan 300. Years. A karkashin wani iko da matsa lamba yashi, ruwa da kuma daban-daban breeds ciyayi sannu a hankali bazu a wani oxygen free muhalli. Lokacin da fallasa su high yanayin zafi, wanda afforded located kusa magma solidification na taro faruwa, wanda a hankali ya canza kama zuwa kwal. Asalin duk data kasance filayen ne kawai wani bayani.

Ma'adinai da kuma hakar ma'adinai

A wannan duniya tamu, akwai manyan adibas na ci. A cikin duka, bisa ga kiyasin, subsoil adana a goma sha biyar tiriliyan ton na wannan ma'adinai. Haka kuma, ci hakar ma'adinai a Zangon ne da fari. A cikin shekara shi ne 2.6 ya kai tan biliyan, ko 0.7 ton a kowace mazaunan duniya.

Adibas na ci a Rasha suna located in yankuna daban-daban. Haka kuma, a cikin kowanne daga abin da ma'adinai samfurin yana da halaye daban-daban, kuma yana da zurfin. Kasa ne a jerin, wanda ya hada da mafi girma da adibas na ci a Rasha:

1. Elga ajiya. An located a kudu-gabashin Yakutia. A zurfin kwal a cikin wadannan yankunan damar domin bude hakar ma'adinai. Yana bukatar wani karin halin kaka, wanda rinjayar da akan rage karshe samfurin kudin.
2. Tuvan ajiya. A cewar masana, a cikin ƙasa ne game da biliyan 20. Ton na ma'adanai. A ajiya ne mai tsananin kyau ga ci gaba. Gaskiyar cewa tamanin cikin dari na ta adibas located in a kabu ciwon kauri daga 6-7 mita.
3. Minusinsk filin. Suna located a Jamhuriyar Khakassia. Shi ne 'yan filayen, da most of wanda suke Montenegrin da Izykhsky. Hannun jari na kananan iyo waha. Kamar yadda gwani kimomi, su sabõda tsakanin 2 da 7 ya kai tan biliyan. Akwai ne mai matukar muhimmanci tsantsa a da halaye Coal. Properties na ma'adanai irin wannan a lokacin da kone rubuta wani sosai high zazzabi.
4. Kuznetsk ci tasa. Wannan filin, located in yamma na Siberia, ba wani samfurin da aka yi amfani a cikin karfe masana'antu. Coal, wanda aka mined a cikin wadannan sassa, shi ne domin coking. A girma daga adibas ne kawai babban.
5. Kuznetsky Alatau. Wannan filin bada samfurin daga cikin mafi ingancin. A mafi girma zurfin da yadudduka na ma'adanai kai biyar da ɗari mita. Production ne da za'ayi a bude sassan, kuma a cikin mahakar.

Coal ne mined a Rasha a cikin Pechora ci tasa. Rayayye ɓullo da filayen a Rostov yankin.

Coal zabi ga samar da tsari

A daban-daban da masana'antu, da wata buƙãta, a cikin akwai daban-daban brands na ma'adanai. Abin da bambanci ne Coal? The kaddarorin da kuma ingantaccen halaye na samfurin bambanta.

Wannan na faruwa har idan kwal yana da guda alama. Gaskiyar cewa halaye na m dogara ne a kan ta samar shafin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kowane kamfanin, zabar kwal domin samar dole ne ya zama saba da ta jiki halaye.

Properties

Coal ne bambanta da wadannan Properties:

1. Yawa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci halaye, wanda shi ne a kusa 1,28 zuwa 1,53 grams da cubic santimita. A mafi girma yawa qara takamaiman zafi na konewa na ci.
2. A carbon ciki. Wannan index jeri daga 75 zuwa kashi 97 cikin dari. A wata mafi girma abun ciki na carbon a cikin man fetur ne kasa da ƙara na impurities. Wannan ba ka damar samun matsakaicin adadin da makamashi daga konewa daga cikin samfurin.
3. Inji ƙarfi. Wannan halayyar kayyade ikon da m canja wurin sufuri. Wannan siga ne a cikin kewayon daga 40 kilo da square santimita (daga lignite) da kuma 300 (y Anthracite).
4. A sulfur abun ciki. Its kwana iya Range daga 0.5 zuwa 5.4 cikin dari. A wani karami darajar da man fetur yawa amfani amince.
5. Volatile gyara (2-45%).
6. Zafi. The man fetur na iya ƙunsar daga 4 zuwa 15 bisa dari danshi. Daga wannan adadi ya dogara ko a ci kona ne tasiri dutse. Da kaddarorin rigar samfurin, ta sha bamban daga bushe. Irin wannan ci marmashe da hõre m weathering.
7. Ash ciki. Wannan hali ya nuna yawan wadanda ba combustible garwayayye kunshe ne a cikin m. A wani m ash abun ciki qara da takamaiman kadan iya aiki. The mafi ƙasƙanci yawan wadanda ba combustible garwayayye da Anthracite. Shi ne a cikin 2%. Domin dumama m ash abun ciki a cikin kewayon talatin cikin dari. A mafi darajar wannan halayyar - 45%.
8. Specific zafi na konewa. Wannan Fihirisar ne a cikin kewayon daga 6500 zuwa 8600 kcal / kg. Yana characterizes adadin zafi da aka generated da konewa na daya kilogram na man fetur.

A mataki na enrichment

A wani daban-daban tukuru ci hašin za'a iya sayansu dangane da nufin amfani. Fuel Properties haka tã bayYanã, bisa mataki na enrichment. rarrabe:

1. fi mai da hankali. Wannan man fetur da ake amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da wutar lantarki da kuma zafi.

2. Industrial Products. Suna amfani da metallurgy.

3. sludge. Wannan lafiya kwal sulusi da murabba'i (shida millimeters), da ƙurar samar da crushing na dutse. Briquettes kafa daga slurry da ciwon kyau yi Properties for gida m man fetur boilers.

A mataki na coalification

bambanta da wannan nuna alama:

1. Brown kwal. Wannan shi ne guda kwal, kawai partially kafa. Kadarorin da shi da ɗan fi muni da cewa na fi inganci habaka. Brown ci samar da zafi kadan a lokacin da kone da nĩƙaƙƙun a lokacin kai. Bugu da kari, shi yana da hali to kai-Ignite.

2. Coal. Wannan man fetur yana da babban yawan iri (alamomi) wanda Properties ne daban-daban. An yadu a yi amfani da makamashi, metallurgy, utilities da sinadaran masana'antu.

3. Anthracite. Wannan shi ne mafi ingancin nau'i na ci.

Da kaddarorin duk wadannan siffofin ma'adanai ne sosai daban-daban daga juna. Saboda haka, mafi ƙasƙanci calorific darajar hankula lignite, kuma mafi girma - Anthracite. Mene ne mafi kyau saya ci? The farashin dole ne ta fuskar tattalin arziki mai yiwuwa. Haka kuma, kudin da takamaiman zafi a cikin wani ganiya rabo samu a wani sauki kwal (a cikin kewayon $ 220 da ton).

Rarrabuwa ta size

A lokacin da zabi da muhimmanci a san da girma na ci. Wannan adadi da aka rufaffen a cikin iri na ma'adinai. Saboda haka, ci ne:

- "P" - slab, wanda shine ya fi girma guda na fiye da 10 cm.

- "K" - manyan, tare da girma jere daga 5 zuwa 10 cm.

- "Ya" - wani goro, shi ne kuma quite manyan, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa tare da masu girma dabam na 2.5 zuwa 5 cm.

- "M" - kananan, tare da 'yan guda a 1.3-2.5 cm.

- "C" - iri - cheap sulusi da murabba'i for dogon lalata da girma 0.6-1.3 cm.

- "W" - kufai a karkara, wanda shi ne mafi yawa pulverized kwal yi nufi ga briquetting.

- "R" - Private, ko standardless, wanda zai iya zama kasarun adadi na daban-daban masu girma dabam.

A Properties na ruwan kasa kwal

Wannan ne kalla high quality-kwal. Farashin yana da mafi ƙasƙanci (game da daya dala xari da ton). Brown kwal da aka kafa a zamanin d swamps ta matsawa na peat a zurfin game 0.9 km. Wannan shi ne mafi m man fetur dauke da wani babban adadin ruwa (game da 40%).

Bugu da kari, lignite yana da wani gwada zafi kadan daga konewa. Akwai manyan lamba (50%) na maras tabbas gas. Idan ka yi amfani da launin ruwan kasa ci wa makera firebox, shi ne ta ingancin halaye tunatar da damp itace. A samfurin wuya a flares, mai yawa hayaki da kuma bar baya da wani babban yawan ash. Sau da yawa, wannan albarkatun kasa ne shirye briquettes. Suke mallaka quite mai kyau yi. Su farashin jeri daga takwas zuwa goma dubu rubles da ton.

Properties na ci

Wannan man fetur mafi alhẽri. Coal - wani dutse samuwar cewa yana da baki da kuma Matte, Semi-matt ko m surface.

A irin wannan man fetur shi ya ƙunshi total biyar zuwa shida cikin dari danshi, saboda wanda shi yana da high zafi na konewa. Idan aka kwatanta da itacen oak, alder kuma Birch makãmashi ci ba kadan ne 3.5 sau mafi girma. A downside na da irin wannan man fetur ne ta manyan ash. Farashin kwal a cikin rani da kuma fall a cikin kewayon daga 3900 zuwa 4600 rubles da ton. A cikin hunturu, farashin man fetur ƙaruwa ta ashirin zuwa talatin bisa dari.

Storage na ci

Idan da man fetur ne da za a yi amfani da na dogon lokaci, to, shi ya kamata a sanya a cikin wani na musamman sito ko silo. Akwai ya kamata a kiyaye shi daga hasken rana kai tsaye da kuma hazo.

Idan manyan kwal tari, sa'an nan da ajiya kana bukatar ka saka idanu da kullum hãlãyensu. The lafiya sulusi da murabba'i a hade tare da high zafin jiki da kuma danshi iya ƙone spontaneously.