Chlorate gishiri

Mene ne potassium chlorate?

A potassium gishiri na chloric acid (daya daga cikin hudu oxygen-dauke acid kafa ta chlorine: hypochlorous - HClO, chlorous - HClO2, chloric - HClO3 da perchloric - HClO4) fiye da ake kira potassium chlorate, dabara - KClO3. Wannan gishiri a cikin bayyanar wakiltar lu'ulu'u (colorless), wanda su ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa (a 20 ° C a 100 cm3 na ruwa dissolves kawai 7.3 g na gishiri), amma tare da kara yawan zafin jiki da solubility ƙaruwa. Wani daga ta shahara sunan - bertoletova gishiri. A kwayoyin nauyi abu ne 122,55 amu, yawa - 2,32 g / cm3. The gishiri ya narke a 356 ° C, shi decomposes a game da 400 ° C.

A wuyan potassium chlorate

A karo na farko (a 1786) na potassium chlorate ya Faransa sunadarai Klod Bertolle. Yana rasa chloro ta hanyar mayar da hankali zafi potassium hydroxide bayani. Reaction lissafi, via wanda da gishiri ne kamar haka: 3Cl2 + 6KOH → 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O. A sakamakon wannan dauki potassium chlorate precipitates matsayin farin m. Tunda yana da talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, an sauƙi rabu da sauran salts a cikin bayani da aka sanyaya. Tun lokacin da aka bude bertoletova gishiri ne ya fi kowa da kuma amfani da samfur na duk chlorate. A halin yanzu KClO3 samar a kan masana'antu sikelin.

sinadaran Properties

Chlorate gishiri - mai karfi oxidizer. By maida martani da shi tare da mayar da hankali hydrochloric acid (HCI) kasaftawa free chlorine. Wannan tsari ne da aka bayyana ta da sinadaran dauki lissafi: 6HCl + KClO3 → 3Cl ↑ + KCl + 3 H2O. Kamar dukan chlorates, wannan abu ne mai matuƙar mai guba. A zubi form KClO3 vigorously tallafawa konewa. A cakuda readily oxidizable abu (rage jamiái) kamar sulfur, phosphorus, sugar da sauran kwayoyin abubuwa potassium chlorate fashe da tasiri ko gogayya. The ji na ƙwarai to wadannan effects aka inganta a gaban ammonium salts da bromates. Karkashin m (dumama zuwa 60 ° C) da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na potassium chlorate aka shirya daga oxalic acid chlorine dioxide, da aiwatar Saide bisa ga dauki lissafi: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + 2ClO2. Chlorine monoxide sami aikace-aikace a bleaching da sterilization na daban-daban kayan (takardar ɓangaren litattafan almara gari da sauransu), kuma za a iya amfani da su obesfenolivaniya ruwa mai guba da sinadaran shuke-shuke.

A amfani da potassium chlorate

Dukkan bertoletova chlorate gishiri ne mafi yadu amfani. Ana amfani da a yi na dyes, ashana (yi wasa shugaban combustible abu, albarkatun kasa da aka moistened potassium chlorate TU 6-18-24-84), wasan wuta, disinfectant, chlorine dioxide. Saboda high hatsarin qagaggun tare da potassium chlorate, suka ba su kusan amfani a yi na bama-bamai ga masana'antu da kuma soja dalilai. Sosai da wuya potassium chlorate aka yi amfani a matsayin bada m. Wani lokaci a yi amfani da pyrotechnics don samar tsvetnoplamennye qagaggun. A baya can gishiri a yi amfani da magani: rauni mafita daga wannan abu (KClO3) don wani lokaci da aka yi amfani da matsayin antiseptic ga Topical gargling. Gishiri a cikin farkon karni na 20th, aka yi amfani da su samu oxygen a karkashin awon yanayi, amma saboda hatsarin da gwaje-gwajen da aka kare.

Shiri na potassium chlorate

Daya daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin: by chlorination na potassium hydroxide a sakamakon musayar dauki tare da wasu salts na chlorates, electrochemical hadawan abu da iskar shaka a mai ruwa-ruwa mafita daga karfe chlorides - bertoletova gishiri za a iya samu. Shiri na ta masana'antu sikelin sau da yawa ta wani disproportionation dauki hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid salts). Fasaha matakai sarrafa daban. A mafi yawan lokuta shi dogara ne a kan dauki tsakanin alli chloride da potassium chlorate: Ca (ClO3) 2 + 2KCl → 2KClO3 + CaCl2. Sa'an nan bertoletova gishiri kafa daga uwar sayar da giya da crystallization kasaftawa. Har ila yau, potassium chlorate aka shirya da modified Hanyar Berthollet da electrolysis na potassium chloride: samar da electrolysis aka mayar da martani tare da chloro potassium hydroxide, sakamakon KClO potassium hypochlorite bi ta disproportionation na potassium chlorate KClO3 da kuma tushen potassium chloride KCl.

A bazuwar na potassium chlorate

A zazzabi na game da 400 ° C da bazuwar na potassium chlorate. A sakamakon haka, oxygen da kuma potassium perchlorate: 4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4. A na gaba mataki na bazuwar auku a zazzabi na 550 zuwa 620 ° C: KClO4 → 2O2 ↑ + KCl. A catalysts (su iya zama jan oxide CuO, wani baƙin ƙarfe oxide (III) Fe2O3 oxide ko manganese (IV) MnO2) bazuwar auku a ƙananan yanayin zafi (150 to 300 ° C) da kuma a cikin mataki daya: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2.

matakan tsaro

Bertoletova gishiri ne m m sinadaran wanda zai iya fashewa, tare da stirring, ajiya (msl, kusa da reductants a kan wannan shiryayye a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko a wani ma'ajiya) milling ko wasu ayyukan. A fashewa iya faruwa rauni ko mutuwa to bi. Saboda haka, a cikin samar, amfani, ajiya ko kai na potassium chlorate dole ne a hadu da bukatun na Tarayya Dokar 116. Facilities cewa shirya wadannan matakai da lãbãri a gare m masana'antu da wuraren.