Sharudda irin

Abin da ake nufi da kalmar "da sharudda ga irin"? Kafin wannan tsanani tattaunawar tunãtar da magana,.

Ya gudanar da kauyen wa maƙwabcinsa, kuma ya yanke ta kankana a rabin, kyankyasai ciki da shi, kuma yana sanya rabin na kankana da kyankyasai clamps. Scraper mamaki, ya tambaya wa maƙwabcinsa abin da shi da aka yi.

A wannan tare da wani m murmushi ya gaya masa cewa wannan tsari shine ake kira selection. "Wannan scratches kankana da kyankyasai, ka samu wani sabon iri-iri. Yanke kankana, ku buga wani yanki na tebur, da tsaba-haka kyankyasai kansu daga kankana da kuma gudu daga da kuma boye a cikin fasa! "

Gaske funny! Kuma duk saboda wani kauye ne, a duk yiwuwa, shi ne cikakken ba fahimta cewa akwai wasu sharudda ga nau'in nazarin halittu kwayoyin. Ba za ka iya yin selection, ba kawai tsakanin kwari da shuke-shuke na zuwa daban-daban mulkokin a ilmin halitta, amma ko da tsakanin kabewa da kankana, tun da tsire-ciki daban-daban sassan, azuzuwan, iyalai, ba a ma maganar da ra'ayoyi.

A tabbatar da dalilin da irin kwayoyin ko mutum dogara ne a kan wani adadin ãyõyinMu. A wani hanya, wadannan cututtuka za a iya kira sharudda. Wannan kalma ta fito ne daga Hellenanci "Criterion", wanda ke nufin - "na nufin hukunci."

Don rarrabe kwayoyin fi amfani da irin sharudda, nuna rubutu da morphological, physiological, biochemical, kwayoyin da kasa.

Sharudda rubuta - a taxonomic halaye na musamman zuwa ga jinsin amma ba ya nan a wasu. Su ne har yanzu a wasu lokuta ake magana a kai a matsayin bincikowa. "Species m" mai suna NI Vavilov hadaddun fasali, ba ka damar saka wani abin dogara interspecific delimiter.

Sharudda jinsunan kasu kashi na asali, wanda ake amfani da yawancin jinsuna, kuma mafi daidaituwa ga tabbatar da dalilin ne ba duka. A kayyade gwajin dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa babban alama a wasu da'irar mutane ne wata lambar daban, size da kuma siffar da chromosomes. Wannan al'amari da ke sa shi musamman wuya aiwatar da meiosis.

A sakamakon haka, da gene musayar tsakanin jinsuna daban ne m, samar da kwayoyin cin gashin jinsunan. Saboda wannan bambancin ne kiyaye Flora da fauna a duniya.

Amma kayyade gwajin jinsin ba a duniya. Alal misali, hybridization na shuke-shuke shine kowa a duniya ne sosai m. Isar da shi a lõkacin da wani ban mamaki kwarewa a kan selection daga cikin mafi girma da masanin kimiyyar - Michurina botanist fahimci cewa samu interspecific hybrids tsakanin shuke-shuke ne mai idon basira.

Pear apple iri, blackberries, raspberries, strawberries beardless da kuma wasu masu ban sha'awa jinsunan lambu shuke-shuke. Har ila yau, na lura shi ne cikin matsananci sauƙi na selection rozovotsvetnyh da sauran horar da shuke-shuke da kuma lambu furanni.

Duk da haka, dabba hybrids ne musamman rare. Idan ma'abota tsakanin membobin jinsuna daban na fauna har yanzu faruwa, da kuma zuriya da aka haife, shi ne sau da yawa ba su iya haifa kanta. Misalan sun ha] jakai, da alfadarai.

Amma a cikin canine sani zažužžuka kamar asalin hybrids, inda fara abu sun Wolves da karnuka - wakilai daga jinsuna daban, da kuma a wasu lokuta ma da karnuka da Foxes. Da kuma sakamakonsa na zuriya bred nasarar, kullawa wani sabon tsari na kayyade halaye samu. Saboda wannan ikon nasarar canine aka samu sa daga cikin mafi daban-daban breeds na karnuka - su bambancin kawai ban mamaki!

Environmental rarrabẽwa irin dogara ne a kan wata dangantaka ta musamman da yanayi. Alal misali, kwayoyin da biotic shaidu (parasitic jinsunan, cuta vectors, commensals, symbionts) halin kurkuku zuwa wani rundunar. An lura da cewa sibling jinsunan, da aka fi sani da "sauro anopheles," Daban-daban abinci tushe. Wasu daga cikin su suna tsare a dabbobi masu shayarwa, yayin da wasu - da tsuntsaye, da na uku - da dabbobi masu rarrafe. wasu suna dako na zazzabin cizon sauro, yayin ga wasu shi ne ba na hali.

"Kare Muhalli alkuki" - mazauninsu - dabbobi ne sau da yawa ake kira "Na'urar zone". kira "Edafe-phytocenotic yanki" da "muhalli alkuki a matsayin" inji shi ne mafi amfani.

Duk da haka, wasu mutane daban na wannan nau'in wani lokacin zauna daban-daban muhalli maharibai, forming ecotypes. Pine, misali, yana da ecotypes cewa zauna Marshes (Pinus palustris), dunes ko Bor rabo.

Bayar da samuwar cikakken zuriya sakamakon daga kan gicciye tsakanin ecotypes iya samar da wata guda kwayoyin tsarin kira ekovidom.