Biocoenosis - misalai. Halitta da kuma wucin gadi biocenoses

A cikin shakka daga rayuwar yau da kullum ba kowa kula da interactions da dama na halitta gidaje. Sauri ya yi aiki, wuya kowa, sai dai cewa wani kwararren ecologist ko masanin halitta, biya musamman da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa ya haye square ko shakatawa. To ina aka gudanar da ya wuce, don haka abin da? Amma wannan shi ne wani biocenosis. Misalai na irin wannan involuntary, amma da akai hulda da yanayin kasa, kowannenmu zai iya tuna, idan kawai ke yin tunãni. Za mu yi kokarin la'akari a more daki-daki abin da daidai ne biocenoses, abin da suka kasance da kuma abin da ya dogara.

Mene ne biocenose?

Mafi m, 'yan mutane tuna cewa ya yi karatu a makarantar biocenoses. Grade 7, a lokacin da a ilmin halitta ne batun ya zuwa yanzu a baya, da kuma tuna da sosai daban-daban events. Ka tuna cewa a matsayin biocenosis. Kalmar da aka kafa ta da ci biyu Latin kalmomi, "BIOS" - rayuwa da kuma "cenosis" - su ne na kowa. Wannan kalma tana nufin wani sa na rayuwa ne a cikin wannan yankin, interconnected da kuma hulda kwayoyin, fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Wani nazarin halittu al'umma ya hada da gyara irin biocenosis:

• microorganisms (microbiocenosis).
• ciyayi (phytocoenosis).
• dabbobi (zoocenoses).

Kowace daga cikin wadannan aka gyara taka muhimmiyar rawa da kuma za a iya wakilta mutane daban-daban jinsunan. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa phytocoenosis ne a manyan bangaren kayyade microbiocenosis da zoocenoses.

Lokacin da ya yi wannan ra'ayi?

A ra'ayi na "biocoenosis" da aka samarwa da Jamusanci hydrobiologist Mobius a cikin marigayi XIX karni, a lõkacin da ya yi karatu a cikin ta Arewa Sea wurare kawa mazauninsu. A lokacin binciken, ya gano cewa wadannan dabbobi iya rayuwa ne kawai a tsananin ayyana hali, halin da zurfin, kwarara kudi, ruwa da zazzabi, kuma gwargwado. Bugu da kari, Mobius nuna cewa, tare da oysters a kan wannan ƙasa sanaki da-tsare jinsunan marine shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Bisa ga bayanan, a 1937, da masanin kimiyyar ya gabatar da manufar a karkashin shawara ne ga koma zuwa da ƙungiyoyi na kungiyoyin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, rayuwa da kuma coexisting a wannan yanki, saboda da tarihi ci gaba da jinsunan da kuma dogon zabin yanayi. A zamani manufar "biocoenosis" ilmin halitta da kuma da lafiyar qasa da aka fassara da ɗan daban.

rarrabuwa

Yau, akwai da dama da ãyõyi, wanda ya aza biocenosis. Misalai na rarrabuwa dangane girma:

• makrobiotsenoz (tẽku, duwãtsu, tekuna).
• mezobiotsenoz (fadama gandun daji, filin).
• microbiocenosis (flower, wani tsohon dungu, leaf).

Har ila yau biocenoses za a iya classified bisa ga mazauninsu. A babba gane da wadannan iri uku:

• marine.
• ruwa tare.
• ƙasa.

Kowace daga cikinsu iya raba wani superordinate, karami gida kungiyar. Saboda haka, marine biocenosis za a iya raba benthic pelagic da sauran shelves. Ruwa tare da nazarin halittu al'ummomi ne kogin, fadama da lake. Nazarin sasannin biocenoses hada da gabar teku da kuma m, dutsen kuma a fili subtypes.

A sauki rarrabuwa na nazarin halittu al'ummomi ne su division cikin halitta da kuma wucin gadi biocenoses. Daga cikin na farko a rarrabe cikin primary kafa ba tare da mutum tasiri, kazalika da sakandare, wanda sun halartar wani canji saboda da tasiri na bala'o'i, ko ayyuka na wayewar dan adam. La'akari a zurfafe su fasali.

Halitta nazarin halittu al'ummomi

Halitta biocenoses wakilci ƙungiya daga halittu masu rai, halitta da yanayi da kanta. Wadannan al'ummomi ne na halitta tsarin da ci gaba, ci gaba da kuma aiki bisa ga nasu, da kansa dokoki. Jamus ecologist B. Tischler gano wadannan siffofin da cewa faye hali irin tsarin:

1. Akwai al'ummomi daga prefabricated abubuwa, wanda zai iya aiki a matsayin wakilan mutum jinsunan da dukan gidaje.

2. Wasu sassa na al'umma iya maye gurbinsu. Alal misali, daya jinsin iya tilasta fita da kuma gaba daya maye gurbinsu da wani ciwon kama da bukatun da yanayi na zama, ba tare da wani mummunan sakamakon ga dukan tsarin.

3. Saboda gaskiya cewa, a cikin bukatun da daban-daban na biocoenosis m, sa'an nan dukan tsarin dogara ne supraorganismal da ta wanzu Daidaita sojojin directed oppositely.

4. Kowace halitta al'umma dogara ne a kan wani gwada yawa tsari na daya irin wani.

5. A size of wani supraorganismal tsarin dogara a kan waje dalilai.

Artificial nazarin halittu da tsarin

Biocenosis tsari na wucin gadi, kiyaye da kuma gudanar da mutum. Farfesa B. G. Ioganzen gabatar da manufar da lafiyar qasa antropotsenoza, watau halitta artificially da mutane daga cikin halitta tsarin, misali, square, terrarium ko akwatin kifaye. Daga cikin wucin gadi biocenosis ware agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - al'umma halitta da mutum ya samar da wani kayayyakin. Wadannan sun hada da:

• tafki.
• tashoshi.
• tafkunan.
• drained Marshes.
• dabbõbin.
• filin for girma na daban-daban amfanin gona ba;
• tsari na mota.
• artificially sabunta plantations.

Agrocenoses halayyar fasali su ne:

Wadannan wucin gadi tsarin ecologically quite m, kuma zai zama a gare game da shekara, agrobiocenoses perennial ciyawa za rike game da shekaru uku ba tare da ɗan adam baki agrocnosises kayan lambu da kuma hatsi da amfanin gona. Mafi barga biocenoses wucin gadi ya'yan itace amfanin gona, kamar yadda ba tare da mutum tasiri, za su iya zuwa zama 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.

• agrophytocenosis matsayin tushen rayuwa;
• rashin kai-tsari tsarin.
• low bambancin;
• dominance na dabbobin gida ko horar da shuke-shuke.
• sami ƙarin goyan baya daga cikin mutum (sako da kwaro iko, hadi, da dai sauransu).
• rashin iyawa ga tsawo zama ba tare da mutum baki.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa ko da mafi ƙanƙanta a jinsunan bambancin agrocnosises an hada da dama daga jinsin kwayoyin na zuwa daban-daban muhalli da kuma taxonomic kungiyoyin. Wani filin shuka da mutum ko fodder amfanin gona, - da yawan daban-daban rai kwayoyin biocenosis. Misalai - wannan filin na hatsin rai ko alkama, inda kuma babban al'adun "live" da kuma weeds. kuma daban-daban kwari (duka kwari da su antagonists). da kuma wani jam'i na kwayoyin da kwaro.

A tsarin raka'a biosystems

Kamar yadda aka ambata, na halitta da kuma wucin gadi biocenosis kunshi dama barga tsarin aka gyara irin phytocoenosis, kuma zoocenoses microbiocenosis. A manyan daya ne phytocoenosis, wanda shi ne wani barga shuka al'umma. Saboda ta fixity da immobility, cewa shi ne mai gwada, akai-akai don nazarin halittu tsarin da tsarin. Kwayoyin, sabanin shuke-shuke, ba a haɗe zuwa wani bangare na surface da za a iya aiwatar da iska ko ruwa a kan wani fairly tsawon nisa. Musayar aka gyara nuna biocenosis dangane dabbobi daga shuke-shuke, tun kawai Flora iya maida inorganic abubuwa a cikin kwayoyin.

A babban rawa a cikin rayuwar kowane muhalli al'umma wasa da dama kwayoyin da taimakawa ga canji na matattu kwayoyin halitta a cikin ma'adanai.

A tsarin da nazarin halittu da tsarin

Kowane biocoenosis ayyana tsarin halin da:

• Sarari, a tsaye ko a kwance, a matsayin wani sakamako na ci gaba da nazarin halittu da jinsunan da sarari al'umma da kuma dangantakar dake tasowa daga gasar domin samar da makamashi.
• Species ayyana abun da ke ciki, richness da kuma bambancin da nazarin halittu da tsarin aka gyara, kazalika da rabo daga cikin yawan jama'a kunshe a shi. Kare Muhalli al'umma iri daban-daban, da ciwon mafi girma na lamba misali, da ake kira rinjaye.
• Trophic ko abinci, wanda aka ƙaddara da wadata haihuwarka tsakanin kwayoyin.

Duk da daban-daban tsarin al'amurran da biocenoses ne a hankali m. Matsayin mai mulkin, da karin hadaddun sarari tsarin da aka shirya, da aukaka da kuma more bambancin misali na da jinsin. A kan lokaci biocenosis tsarin dabam a cikin wani karamin zangon. Irin wannan jiha na zumunta juriya da ya auku a lokacin da hulda da bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa, da ake kira homeostasis.

Mun la'akari a more daki-daki ainihin tsarin characterizing biocenosis.

A sarari tsarin

Biocoenosis yana da wani tsarin a sarari, wanda zai iya zama duka biyu a tsaye da kuma a kwance.

A tsaye tsarin kafa a sakamakon da rarraba jinsuna daban na shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban domin tsawo matakan Bio-tsarin, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar layering. Irin wannan tsarin da aka fi mayar da m da longline shuka al'umma, wato wurin da sãsanni da mafi m sassa na shuka kamar tushen tsarin da photosynthesizing itãce. Domin phytocenosis halayyar biyu aboveground da kuma boye da layering. A farko bayyana kanta a cikin yiwuwar co-girma da yawa jinsunan shuke-shuke da cewa suna da bukatu daban daban a cikin hasken rana. Wannan ne mafi fili bayyana a cikin gandun daji na temperate sauyin yanayi zone, inda akwai itãciya, kuma shrub babba tiers, located dan kadan a kasa da Bishiyoyi da ciyawa, da kuma nan da nan kusanci na Duniya ta surface - da m bene, yawanci kunshi mosses da lichens.

Karkashin kasa layering a nazarin halittu da tsarin damar phytocenoses mafi kyau amfani da ƙasa danshi, saboda da daban-daban zurfin tushen tsarin shuke-shuke. Steppe yankunan halin da uku-matakin kasafi: mafi warai bedded tare da famfo tsarin, bi da tushen daban-daban hatsi, da kuma sosai a kusa da surface - tubers, kwararan fitila da kuma tushen tsarin na shekara-shekara shuke-shuke.

Nuna Tsarin suna kwance biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis rabo kunshi da daya ko fiye da shuke-shuke daga related jinsunan, tsabtace muhalli ko spatially rabu da juna. Suna iya zama na wucin gadi, ko kuma m, epiphytic, gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa ko subsurface.

A takamaiman tsarin da nazarin halittu al'ummomi

A rarrabe da wani biocenosis ne da takamaiman tsarin. A ganewar da kuma iri-iri na jinsin abun da ke ciki an fi mayar da m da mazauninsu da kuma mataki na wuya daga cikin yanayi a cikinsa akwai biocenosis. Misalan jinsunan bambancin matalauta - high altitudes, tundra, hamada. Biosystem tare da wani arziki sa na jinsin - murjani reefs da kuma wurare masu zafi da gandun daji.

Species, m, a number, shi ne wani nau'in na tsakiya da kuma ake kira karva. Saboda haka, a cikin wani gandun daji Birch shi zai zama wani Birch, a filin na alkama - alkama. A wani biocenosis akwai jinsunan cewa wanzu ne kawai domin na da rinjaye, don haka da ake kira predominanty, misali, barewa a cikin daji, undergrowth ko gina jiki a cikin Pine da spruce gandun daji.

Bugu da kari, nazarin halittu al'ummomi da edificators, watau dabba ko shuka iri da haifar da zama dole yanayi na rayuwa zuwa wasu talikai. Saboda haka, misali, a cikin steppe biocenosis iko edificator ne gashin tsuntsu.

Domin kimanta rawar da wani nau'in a cikin tsarin da nazarin halittu al'umma, amfani da Manuniya akan gwada yawa lissafi, kamar ta zuba, aukuwar, da Shannon bambancin index da kuma nau'in richness.