American roka Falcon 9: siffofin da kuma hoto

Yuni 28, 2015 at 17:21 (Moscow lokaci) a jefa site a Cape Canaveral kasa sau daya kaddamar da roka "Falcon 9". Falcon 9 roka da aka shirya da wani zaman kansa kamfanin Amurka SpaceX, kafa ta Elon Musk.

"Falcon" da kuma NASA

NASA a 2008 sanya hannu a kwangila da kamfanin ne don gudanar da wani da ƙaddamar da m roka "Falcon 9" Dragon da kumbon sama jannati. The sosai ra'ayin samar da irin wannan m roka da aka shibtarsu da cewa da wani jerin gaza gabatar da Space Jigila. Kuma da Elon Musk ake shirin rage kudin da sarari manufa 10 sau. Duk da haka, da aikin a lokacin da aka kiyasta su zama daraja $ 1.6 biliyan.

Ba a yi nasarar roka jefa m wani yawan ayyuka, kafa ta NASA, ban da fitarwa na ISS kumbon sama jannati Space Jigila. Falcon 9 roka dauke 1.8 ton na kaya.

Babban maƙasudin, wanda ya kamata ya gudanar da wannan jefa, ya zuwa replenish abinci da kayayyaki ga ISS members. Bugu da kari, da roka ma ɗauke da wani ma'abota block kuma International Tashar sarrafa Adafta (IDA), ci gaba da Boeing. Wannan Tashar sarrafa manhaja yin la'akari 526 kg kamata sauƙaƙe Dragon kumbon sama jannati docked zuwa ISS. Domin wannan dalilai Dragon kokarin isar da kuma dacewa ga spacewalk. Lalle, asarar irin wannan muhimmanci aka gyara na da mummunan tasiri a kan jadawalin na kimiyya aiki a kan jirgin da ISS.

Amma dai ba duka! Falcon 9 roka fashewa kashe 8 da tauraron dan adam garken 1f, generated da oda na Planet Labs. Kuma kowanne daga cikinsu kwashe uku naúrar CubeSat, wanda ya tsayar da Duniya a Tantancewar yanayin.

Falcon 9: Bayani dalla-dalla

roka yi aka tsara don haka cewa a kowane mataki kayan aiki shigar avionics da kuma a kan-jirgin kwakwalwa, wanda aka tsara don sarrafa duk da sigogi na jirgin.

All avionics amfani da a kan jirgin cikin roka, sanya ta SpaceX. Har ila yau, a Bugu da kari zuwa da kansa kewayawa tsarin, don inganta daidaito a sarari suKe yin amfani da GPS kayan aiki.

Bugu da kari, domin kowane engine shigar mallaki kula, wanda kullum na sa ido duk da sigogi na engine. Kowane mai kula da uku processor raka'a don inganta tsarin AMINCI.

Falcon 9 biyu-mataki roka, kuma wannan version ya wuce iri biyu:

• 9 version v1.0.
• 9 version v1.1.

Ba kamar na biyu version na farko a cewa da shi ya kafa fiye da ladabi engine. Kuma ma bambanta da su wuri a cikin engine ƙananan mataki.

Ko da yake duka biyu versions na injuna gudu a kan kananzir oxidizer na ruwa oxygen, amma roka Falcon 9 v1.1 aka kaisu ga 4,85 ton na dangi, yayin da shtatovskih makami mai linzami "Falcon 9" v1.0 - kawai 3, 4 m.

A wannan version da tsawon 1.1 - 68,4 mita tare da fara nauyi na 506 tons.

Don gane da wadannan saituna - Rasha roka "proton-M" shi ne ya fi guntu fiye da mita 10 (58.2 m), lokacin da na fara nauyi more - 705 tons. Amma da "proton-M" a cikin sarari guda dangi na 6,74 tons.

NASA aikace-aikace, da kudin da ƙaddamar da Falcon 9 ne $ 60 miliyan, yayin da a cikin "proton-M", wannan adadi ne $ 30 miliyan mafi girma.

Saboda haka mataki na farko?

Falcon 9 roka kaddamar NASA tare da biyu gammaye. Suna located daya a Florida, biyu a California. Har ila yau, aiki ne underway fadada biyu mafi gammaye.

SpaceX kamfanin ci gaba tun shekarar 2013, tana aiki a kan halittar fasahar for reusable aka gyara na Falcon 9 v1.1. A farko yunkurin ceto Falcon 9 da aka gudanar a watan Janairu 2015. Bisa ga kiyasin mataki shi ne zuwa kasa a cikin kusanci da iyo dandali. Amma da mummunan yanayi a cikin tẽku ba a yarda ya karba mataki na roka.

Kuma zuwa ranar, wadannan yunkurin ba su kasance m. Babu wani daga na gabatar da bai kawo kamfanin ya tabbatar da cewa ajiye matakin.

gwani ra'ayi

Ko da yake kafofin watsa labarai da kuma bayar da rahoton cewa na karshe nasara ƙaddamar da Falcon 9 (Disamba 2015) sanya shi yiwuwa a kula da ƙananan mataki na roka, amma masana shakka nan gaba da yin amfani da mataki na farko. Masana sun yi imani da cewa, ba da yawan zafin jiki na dumi-up a matsayin roka jiki a farkon kuma a lokacin saukarsa, bayan ta wucewa ta cikin sararin sama ya rage sosai kadan dama sake yin amfani da roka kashi.

Amma dai ba duka. Reusable, ƙarin abubuwa - shi ke saukowa strut, da ake bukata adadin man fetur. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, rage dangi na zuwa 30%.

M roka?

Daga 2010 zuwa 2013 an sanya biyar arba'in, hudu daga wanda - gaba daya al'ada mode.

Amma da ƙaddamar da Falcon 9 a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, an san ta, masana kamar "partially nasara". Sa'an nan da roka "Falcon 9" karo na farko aiko da ISS kayan aiki a kan truck Dragon. Amma da derivation na Orbcomm-G2 da tauraron dan adam zuwa cikin geostationary kewayewa kasa a sakamakon da tauraron dan adam da aka sanya a cikin wani sarari suKe ƙananan fiye da shirya.

A sakamakon wannan "partially nasara" Operation placheven. Orbcomm-G2 zauna a cikin sarari guda domin tsawo da kuma 12 Oktoba na wannan shekara, aka ƙone ba tare da wata alama a yanayi.

A wannan girmamawa yana da ban sha'awa yadda SpaceX bayyana gazawar. A cewar masana, akwai wani breakage na fata da fairing a farko-mataki engine.

A Sanadin da bala'i

Ba kara yiwuwa da kuma fashewa da Falcon 9 roka a watan Yuni 2015. Ta kasance a cikin iska domin dogon - 2 minti 19 seconds. Da zaran da makami mai linzami kai hypersonic gwamnatin, akwai wani fashewa, da kuma bayan 8 seconds da Falcon 9 karya a cikin guda. NASA tare da haɗin gwiwar SpaceX ya kaddamar da wani bincike a cikin Sanadin da bala'i.

The shugaban SpaceX kamfanin ya sa a gaba da kansa version. Bisa ga ka'idar, da hadarin ya faru a sakamakon wuce haddi da matsa lamba a cikin tankuna da oxidant a cikin babba mataki. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da mataki na farko da ya ba tukuna aka rabu.

sauran hatsari

Hakika, da hatsari a sarari masana'antu - ba irin wannan rarity. Alal misali, a cikin US wannan shekara, akwai uku hatsarori (shan la'akari da bala'i, wanda ya sha wahala a jefa abin hawa Falcon 9).

A watan Oktoba 2014, bayan harba daga spaceport a Wallops Island, akwai wani fashewa da zaman m roka Antares. An sa ran cewa za kewayewa da ISS truck Cygnus (biyu ana kerarre da Orbital Sciences).

Har ila yau, a shekarar 2014, ya fadi wani jirgin SpaceShipTwo. Yana da aka zaci cewa shi za a kashe suborbital yawon shakatawa flights. Da kuma ci gaban kamfanin Virgin Galactic har yanzu ƙoƙarin kawar da Sanadin karo.

A farko ƙaddamar da m roka "proton-M" ya faru a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, 2001. Sa'an nan da roka da babba mataki "iska-M" An yi nasarar sanya a cikin sarari guda tauraron dan adam "Ekran-M". A da makami mai linzami kula da tsarin shigar inganta version, wanda inganta gwaji na propellant ta hanyar heptyl, wanda aka sani da ya zama guba ga mutane da kuma ga muhalli. Har ila yau, sabon tsarin zai kara da taro na dangi zuwa kewayewa.

Tun daga nan, shi ya kasance 90 gabatar da na "proton-M", amma kawai 80 daga cikinsu sun kasance gaba daya na yau da kullum. Babban dalilin da gaggawa yanayi lalacewa ta hanyar kasawa a cikin sama mataki.

Lalle, irin statistics ne ba wani rabo nuna alama ga makamai masu linzami da irin wannan arziki tarihi. A cikin wani hali, da Falcon 9 roka fashewa zai taimaka wajen fahimtar da zunubansu, kuma kai su a cikin asusun a gaba farawa.

Abin da ke gaba?

A lokacin, ka sadar da kaya zuwa ISS a jihar:

• Rasha "Ci gaba".
• Japan HTV.
• dragon.
• Cygnus.

Manyan NASA na fatan a kan Dragon matsayin naúrar cewa shi ne iya komawa kaya daga ISS to Earth. The kwangila tare da wannan kamfanin da aka mika ga shekara ta 2017, kuma aka shirya don 15 farawa.

Ta ƙarshe lokacin da kara amfani Falcon 9 tare da Dragon ma'aikatar sufuri ta samu nasarar kammala ta aiki Disamba 22, 2015

NASA ba shakka cewa, hadarin da Falcon 9 bai hana halittar manned kumbon sama jannati. SpaceX kamfanin yi niyyar kaddamar da ponderous Falcon Tã roka a karkashin wannan shirin. Wannan jefa shi ne iya gasa da kuma Rasha "proton", da kuma Turai Ariane 5.

A hadarin, wanda ya sha wahala a Amurka roka Falcon 9, ya nuna sake cewa babu wanda yake rigakafi daga bala'i a lokacin da nazarin sararin samaniya.