Almanac - menene wannan? Almanac "duniya". "Farauta sarari" - da Almanac

Wannan talifin zai magana game da daya daga cikin tsofaffin littattafan taba halitta mutãne a kanta. Almanac - a wallafe-wallafen tsira, suka bi ta, ga dogon tarihi na wani yawa na canje-canje, amma shi ya ba rasa ta munasaba da gaggawa.

definition

Almanac - a serial bazawa na ci gaba da lambobi a cikin tarin dakin, wanda yana da wallafe-wallafen da kuma m, ko ba-fiction batutuwa. A lokaci Dates baya ga Arab "Almana", wanda yake nufin "lokaci gwargwado". A 14th da 15th ƙarni almanacs ne kalanda tare da alluna Bugu da kari astronomical.

Daga irin wannan mujallar bazawa da rashi na yau da kullum periodicity - yawanci wani Almanac fita ko dai sau ɗaya a shekara, ko kuma ba a duk suna da wani takamaiman saki kwanakin. Ya ƙunshi bayani game da daban-daban zamantakewa: bayani game da updates to da wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya ci gaba, majalisu canje-canje, da sauransu. Saboda haka, a unguwan Almanac rufe su da irin kalandarku kundayen.

Almanac a cikin tarihin duniya

Almanacs bayyana dogon lokaci da suka wuce. A zamanin d Romawa yada rubutum collections, na nuna kwanakin watan nan na addini holidays. Masarawa sun kasance a cikin shakka daga cikin allunan duwatsu, wanda dauke da bayani game da motsi na da taurari. A Denmark da Norway a zamanin da samar da jan faranti, katako, ishãra zuwa daban-daban kiyaye. A zamanin da, da Almanac - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon ya saidai kalanda da astrological hali.

Almanac a Turai

A Turai, da farko buga anthology bayyana a Vienna a 1457. Ya iya amfani da ko da wani jahilci mutum, tun da shi tare da taimakon daban-daban haruffa weather kuma astronomical mamaki da aka nuna. A Almanac ƙunshi bayani game da motsi na taurari, da cikakken watã kwanakin, fari kintace, wuta, da yunwa. A 1474, wani irin tarin aka buga a Hungary, a Latin kuma Jamus. Tun da 16th karni da al'ada na sakewa daban-daban anthologies a Turai amince da karshe. Bugu da kari ga asali bayanai, wannan edition hada da bayanai a kan Mint, mail zirga-zirga, kotun dakunan, kasuwanni da kuma bikin. Domin jawo hankalin da bukatar da amfani da tsada, a cikin anthology fara buga jerin malamai, sassalar tushen da sauransu. Irin wannan tarin ake kira da kotu ko sarauta. Suna buga farko a Faransa, sa'an nan a cikin Saxony da Prussia, kuma daga baya - a Ingila. A hankali, a Bugu da kari ga bango bayanai a almanacs fara hada da kasidu, labarbaru, short labaru. Bayan da ya faru na kalandarku, buga, wadannan tarin sun zama irin na littafin periodicals. Akwai tattalin arziki, da asalinsu, addini, huldar almanacs.

wallafe-wallafen Almanac

A tsawon lokaci, irin wannan littafin ya zama wani ƙara ban sha'awa da kuma karin bayani. A halin yanzu Almanac - a mujallar dauke da wani daban-daban irin amfani bayanai, da yawa daga wanda yana da wani halin yanzu ban sha'awa. Samuwa a cikin tarin da irin kundin sani, a cikin abin da dacewa data buga a kowace shekara. Wadannan almanacs wani lokaci ana kira annuals. Mafi fi sanin tunani na irin wannan - ne "Almanac na haihuwa Mura", kafa a shekarar 1970 ta Francis Moore. Duk da haka, mafi m, na farko a Yammacin Turai, sa'an nan kuma a sauran kasashe, ya fara amfani da wallafe-wallafen anthologies. Sun fito a tsakiyar na 18th karni a Faransa. Daya daga cikin na farko da za a sake a Paris (1746-1833) «L'Almanach des Muses». A Jamus ya zama mashahuri Almanac «Musenalmanach», wanda aka buga a Gottingen a 1770-1807 gg. Daga baya ya bayyana «Musen-Almanach», a cikin abin da Schiller wallafa waqe ba wallafa (1796-1800).

Almanac a Rasha

Da farko da aka buga a Rasha Almanac - wani tarin "anodes" N. M. Karamzina, halitta a cikin marigayi 18th karni a kwaikwayo na yammacin kafofin watsa labarai. A 1920-1830-ies a Rasha suka fito domin fiye da ashirin anthologies. A. S. Pushkin kira "Almanashnik" musamman irin wallafa. A lokuta daban-daban, abokai da kuma abokan da babban waƙen samar da jerin wallafe-wallafen anthologies. Almanac "iyakacin duniya Star" (3 littattafai, 1823-1825 gg.) Published K. F. Ryleevym kuma A. A. Bestuzhevym, tare da sa hannu na irin shahararrun marubuta kamar V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboedov, FV Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, VK Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Tarin "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 gg.), Ya msa hudu bugu, shi samar VK Kyuhelbekker da V. F. Odoevsky. Anthology "Northern Flowers" ya zo daga 1824 zuwa 1831 a karkashin shugabanci na O. M. Somova kuma A. A. Delviga. Shekaru masu yawa daga baya, a farkon karni na 20th Symbolists sun fara nuna wani wallafe-wallafen tarin guda sunan. Updated "Northern Flowers" tsaya biyar bugu - a 1901-1904 da kuma 1911.

zamani Almanac

Yau Almanac - wani tarin ban sha'awa to daban-daban masu sauraro. Yana iya da wani ban sha'awa batutuwa masu karatu. Writers ayan buga ayyukansu a wani siddan kafa kungiyoyin. An misali ne almara da wallafe-wallafen Almanac "Metropol", saki edition na kawai 12 kofe a shekarar 1979 a birnin Moscow samizdat hanya. Saka hannu cikin wannan saki uncensored tarin dauki Bella Akhmadulina, Evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Yuri Kublanovsky, Henry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky Yuri Kurabchievsky da sauransu ba su yarda da hukuma latsa. Recalcitrant marubuta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet underwent dukan dama, kwafi na "Metropolis" an dauka a Amurka da kuma rarraba akwai reprint hanya, da kuma Vasily Aksenov kayyade labarin cikin littafinsa "Ka ce Cuku".

Almanac "Musulunci a wannan zamanin" sadaukar da addini da kuma zamantakewa da siyasa matsaloli na kasashen musulmi, yana samuwa a cikin lantarki tsari da kuma a kan takarda. A mawallafa wannan ɗaba'ar tattauna halin musulunci daga siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma yanayin ra'ayoyi.

Top Rasha almanacs

"Farauta sarari" - anthology da wallafe-wallafen da kuma m abun ciki, kafa a 1950. A lokacin da dogon tarihi shi ya jimre da yawa da suka faru na rubucen da kuma hambarar da kuma yanzu daya daga cikin tsofaffin farauta wallafe a Rasha. Daga cikin mawallafa sanannun masana kimiyya da 'yan siyasa, masu kasida da marubuta, gudanarwa da kuma' yan wasan kwaikwayo, kazalika da mutane daban-daban fasahohin. "Farauta sarari" - tsira da tarihi da kuma wallafe-wallafen darajar.

A cikin 'yan sau almanacs sun bayyana ba kawai a cikin nau'i na buga collections, amma kuma a kan gidan talabijin fuska. Alal misali, Almanac "duniya" - a TV show cewa Radio da Television da Tarayyar Soviet ta bayar da kari ga "Matafiya 'Club". Kinoalmanah watsa shirye-shirye a kan iska daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 1990-th shekara, da kuma na dauke da nishadi da bayanai game da Martial Arts, tafiya, yanayin da art. Transfer dadin mai girma shahararsa.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, Almanac - wani nau'i na littafin, wanda a kowane lokaci zauna m da kuma dacewa. Express ra'ayoyi a kan dukan al'amurran da suka shafi, to buga da ya wallafa halittar ko nishadi bayanai ban sha'awa zuwa kewayon masu karatu zai yiwu a cewa tarin. Yanzu almanacs suna samuwa a cikin wani iri-iri-tsaren: Buga, lantarki da kuma talabijin.