Akwai dabbobi a cikin kiwo shawarta Hanyar?

Daban-daban rassan kimiyya tafiyad kiwo cultivars, breeds na gona da dabbobi da kuma kwayan damuwa amfani da na gargajiya da kuma kunno kai da hanyoyin da m dabaru. Za su musamman dogara ne a kan abu selection aiki. A wasu kalmomin, gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da shuke-shuke, masanin kimiyya na iya amfani da salla selection ko Hanyar shawarta, alhãli kuwa a cikin dabbobi ko kwayoyin irin dabaru ana amfani ne da iyaka, kuma wani lokacin ba amfani a duka.

Makasudin wannan labarin ne don bayyana tambayar ko wannan nau'i na kiwo, kamar yadda wani Hanyar jagoranci, shi ne a rubuce yiwu kuma kusan m don ƙirƙirar sabon ko inganta data kasance breeds na shanu, aladu, da kaji.

Musamman dabbobi kiwo

Yadu da aka sani a cikin kimiyya al'umma aikin Charles Darwin "Canje-canje a cikin dabbobin gida da kuma horar da shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin rinjayar domestication," da aka rubuta a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th, shi ne har yanzu ake bukata karanta ga dukan galaxy na zamani masana kimiyya tsunduma a m ayyukan. Yana gano babban kiwo dabaru: hybridization, heterosis da inbreeding dangane wucin gadi selection.

A gwaje-gwajen da dabbobi shi ne kauce masa zuwa ga tambaya m tsari, kamar yadda wani biyu daga iyaye mutane yawanci ba a kananan adadin hybrids, kowane ciwon wani daraja a cikin kayan m. Bari mu manta da cewa ga 'yan azuzuwan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda m ne babban abubuwa da kiwo, halayyar kawai na jima'i haifuwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa hanyoyin dogara ne a kan vegetative siffofin (cuttings, dake tasowa, grafting), ga dabbobi ne unacceptable. Don magance tare da tambayar ko don amfani a cikin kiwo dabbobi kula da tarbiyyar Hanyar zai zama ma'ana ga farko gano jigon wannan dabara.

malama hanyar

A fice Rasha masanin kimiyya makiyayin I. V. Michurin, m karatu da suke na asali zuwa duniya kimiyya, aiyuka niyya vegetative rapprochement tsakanin biyu shuke-shuke da daban-daban iri. A sakamakon haka, da mutane biyu suka fara saya sabon ga kanka da siffofin da dukiyoyinsu. Alal misali, canja siffar, size, ko launi daga cikin 'ya'yan, kazalika da daɗin ci quality. Ta hanyar grafting a kambi na shuka rootstock, I. V. Michurin ya iya haifar da wani yanayi a cikin abin da stalks fara samun gina jiki daga iyaye da tsuntsaye.

Duk wannan shi ne karshen sakamakon shi ne ya canza hanya na rayuwa a cikin halayen Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki grafted cuttings, ya kuma inganta ta phenotypic halaye. A sama-aka bayyana Hanyar alurar riga kafi ya zama sananne a shuka kiwo a matsayin Hanyar shawarta.

Misalai daga cikin halittar sabon iri na 'ya'yan itatuwa

Daya daga cikin na farko samar I. Michurin a 1908, shi ne iri-iri apple-Kitaika Bellefleur. Kamar yadda Scion sapling makiyayin dauki Amirka iri Bellefleur rawaya da fice dandano. Seedling rootstock bauta Kitaika manyan-fruited - Local iri saki a cikin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Rasha. Its main abũbuwan amfãni kasance sanyi da juriya da kuma juriya ga manyan cututtuka apple - scab da powdery fumfuna. Da ake ji da Hanyar da shawarta, da masanin a sakamakon hybridization wani sabon iri-iri, mafi saba da matsananci yanayin damina a arewacin latitudes, a hade tare da m dandano 'ya'yan. Michurinist apple iri da snow-farin jiki na zaki da dandano da m m ƙanshi.

A wannan al'ada fiye da karni na ci gaba da za a girma a cikin zaman kansa gidaje, ba kawai Rasha amma kuma Ukraine, Armenia, da Arewa Caucasus jamhuriyoyin. Lambu godiya da wannan iri-iri kuma saboda yawan high da ake samu da kuma jure sanyi. A cikin kiwo tashoshin da Nurseries na 'ya'yan seedlings Bellefleur-auduga abu ne ma amfani a matsayin rootstock a hybridization tsari, don haka shi aka halitta game da 13 sabon iri.

Manufofi da makasudin ilimi samun directional matasan shuke-shuke

Bisa ga sama facts, ya bayyana matukar muhimmanci gwaji aikin I. V. Michurina, wanda ba kawai ci gaba da shawarta hanya, amma kuma sanya shi daya daga cikin manyan a cikin kiwo na sabon iri na 'ya'yan itace da Berry amfanin gona.

Gwaje-gwaje da mãsu mayẽwa masanin kimiyya - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova da sauran ma'aikatan All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of kiwo ya'yan itace amfanin gona takaita da manufofin da za a samu a sakamakon aikace-aikace na hanyoyin da nufin ilimi na matasan seedlings.

A mafi muhimmanci na wadannan sun hada da: leveling m phenotypic dabiu a matasan mutane, kazalika da kullawa da ake so Properties for wani mutum a tsire-tsire samar iri. Generalizing da sakamakon da yawa shuka kiwo, da masu bincike zo ga fahimtar wasu dokoki cewa bi da yin amfani da allurar rigakafin a yi. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

Yanayi domin samun vegetative hybrids

Amfani da hanyar da shawarta a dabba kiwo, shi wajibi ne don la'akari da wadannan sharudda:

• shuka, wanda kai zangarniya ko toho (Scion) dole ne vegetatively matasa, babu girmi 1-2 shekaru, da kuma zama mai jagoranci na shekaru masu yawa na yin amfani da zuriya daga itacen.
• kusa vegetative inoculum gudun hijira dole riƙe da babban yawan rassan rootstock, samar da tasiri a kan phenotypic dabiu educability shuke-shuke.

Saboda sama yanayi shayarwa iya samar a 'ya'yan itace da Berry amfanin gona da tattalin arziki muhimmanci da kaddarorin. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin rare da na kowa hanyoyi na waddan sabon iri na amfanin gona, wannan hanya, da rashin alheri, har yanzu talauci gane da zamani biochemists da cytology.

nama Engineering

A wannan tambaya na da kiwo dabbobi amfani a cikin hanyar da ya rene ko ba, amsar ba. Ban sha'awa a cikin wannan girmamawa ne a kan nazarin fasahar binciken halittu alaka clone, Ina nufin kira na matrix (daya ko fiye somatic Kwayoyin), cikakken kwafin wani kwayoyin. A wannan yanayin, da misalin da vegetative yaduwa daga shuka kwayoyin tsari, kamar yadda dabba samu clone kunshi kama genotype Kwayoyin. Gwaje-gwajen a cikin filin na nama da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya ne da za'ayi ta girma su a cikin wani gina jiki matsakaici. Chromosomes tsakiya adana dukan hereditary bayanai na wani kwayoyin, wanda ke nufin cewa ba za ka iya samun kawai guda cell illa ma sha Allahu manyan yawan mutane - kofe.

Halayyar dabbobi kiwo dabaru

I. V. Michurin ɓullo da wani shawarta Hanyar na musamman don amfani a gwaje-gwajen da shuka kwayoyin, idan more musamman, shi ne wani 'ya'yan itace da Berry amfanin gona. Kamar yadda muka ce a baya, dabba da bincike na da ƙayyadaddu. Na farko farkon da rashin vegetative yaduwa a cikin mafi girma vertabrate.

Dole ne mu tuna cewa jikinsu ne halin da babban mataki na hadewa da dukkan gabobin da kuma tsarin, don haka wani canji a daya hali takamaiman jiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar mai jagoranci zai babu makawa kai ga tsanani disturbances a cikin tsarin hade anatomically da physiologically. A yi, da aiwatar da zai zama ya dace a yi aiki tare da dabbobi wadannan hanyoyin, wato: inbreeding (inbreeding) da kuma m hybridization. Origin amfani da su haifar da tsabta Lines da kuma kara samun sakamako na heterosis da kuma na biyu da ake amfani da deriving wani sabon dabba breeds.