A yanayin kasa na fadamun. Masu amfani da kuma gyara daga makiyaya kunsa

Yanayin kasa - wani ra'ayi cewa ma'anar da tsarin dangantakar cikin kowace al'umma halittu masu rai, interconnected mazauninsu ( "oikos" (gr.) - "mazauni" da "tsarin").

Saboda haka, a lokacin da muka yi la'akari da dangantakar da ke tsakanin shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, parasites, kwayoyin inhabiting cikin makiyaya sarari, mu ce duk wannan - da yanayin kasa na fadamun.

Halitta kunsa: amfaninsa a kungiyoyin

Su za a iya subdivided kamar haka:

1. Ground - tundra, taiga, deciduous gandun daji, grasslands, hamada.

2. ruwa tare - koguna, Lakes, kududdufai, swamps, marshy ruwa.

3. Marine - Ocean shiryayye, upwelling (yankunan da wani show na zurfin teku ruwan), estuary (bakin ƙõramu sunã gudãna a cikin tẽku, da teku), da reefs.

Al'amarin zai iya zama da wadannan size:

• micro - quite kananan (misali, fadama hummock).

• meso - matsakaici size (wannan na iya zama, misali, wani makiyaya, ko kandami).

• Macro - manya-manyan (teku ko nahiyar).

• Global - duniya.

Tara gyara na kunsa da na halitta dalilai

Wani yanayin kasa kunshi wani sa na biotic aka gyara: da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa zauna da shi, da kuma abiotic (maras rai) - a ma'adinai, Organic ƙasa, nitrogen, carbon, ruwa.

Halitta dalilai taimaka kaikaice ga ci gaban al'umma abubuwa masu rai, da iyakance sarari daga cikin tsarin. Wannan hasken rana radiation, zafi, zafin jiki juna iska matsa lamba.

Wajibi ne a ambaci adam baki a cikin rayuwar al'umma - shi ne mutum da aka yi abubuwan da za su iya ba kawai canza yanayin kasa, amma kuma don a hallaka shi.

Fadamun: amfaninsa

Makiyaya kira ƙuntata yankin, overgrown tare da ciyawa. A Rasha, da natsuwa ake al'ada kasu kashi Nuggets (na halitta na halitta) da kuma wucin gadi. (Samu daga juyawa, musamman tinned tabbataccen lokaci).

Native grasslands sun al'ada amfani ga haying da dabbõbin shanu. Su samar da wani arziki girbi na ganye da kuma makiyaya yanayin kasa da kanta tana goyon bayan bukatar dogon-rai dangantaka halittu masu rai. Bala'i irin yankuna dauke ƙasa yashewa, overgrown tare da underbrush (kusa da gandun daji) da kuma yaduwa daga weeds. Native makiyayar da yake kasa da kasa.

Artificial fadamun a yankunan dauke samu daga amfanin gona juyawa filayen ko bayyana bayan deforestation. Suna seeded perennial ciyawa, wanda ba da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa. Kullum saka idanu da jihar na gona, yin zama dole ma'adinai da takin gargajiya. Fadamun yanayin kasa a wannan harka shi ne kaucewa daban-daban daga cikin halitta, ya halitta da kuma kiyaye kawai artificially.

Domin dabbõbin ana amfani da biyu na halitta da kuma wucin gadi fadamun. The dama dauke da wani rashin lafiya na irin wannan wuraren a kansu ga m amfani, shi damar ciyawa cover mayar.

Biotic aka gyara fadamun yanayin kasa

Makiyaya nasa ne matsakaici size al'ummomi masu rai, don haka aka hada da dukan abubuwa muhimmi a cikin wani daga gare su.

Mazaunan ake kira grasslands kunsa biotic aka gyara. Bisa ga soma rarrabuwa, shi ne kera, masu amfani da kuma decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Furodusa - suna shuke-shuke da maida hasken rana ta hanyar photosynthesis isomer glucose C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã ₆ (tushe da wani Organic abu).

2. Consuments - masu amfani da makiyaya yanayin kasa, ciyar a kan tsire-tsire, kwari ko wasu dabbobi.

3. Decomposers - ne kwayoyin da cewa ciyar a kan matattu kwayoyin halitta.

kera fadamun

Babban shuka a cikin makiyaya - ciyawa. An yi imani da cewa a daya murabba'in mita iya zama gefe da gefe wajen ɗari daban-daban shuke-shuke.

Basic makiyaya ciyawa - hatsi (game da arba'in jinsunan). Yana Timothawus, ja fescue da makiyaya, hatsin rai ciyawa, gõnaki ciyawa, bluegrass , makiyaya foxtail, makiyaya brome, lankwasa fari. Sun yi sama da kore taro, samar da mai kyau Turf, girma sannu a hankali a cikin bazara, kaka girma sake (ba da aftermath). Wadannan ganye - ƙananan bene na fadamun.

A na gaba ya fi na kowa makiyaya - legumes (daga goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin da jinsunan): Clover, Peas, rank. Su wadãtar da ƙasa da nitrogen. Wannan shi ne na biyu bene.

Ciyawa ne tsire-tsire na iyali Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, albasa - shi ne m uku bene.

Grass - na farko muhimmanci mahada a cikin kayayyakin abinci, da ƙasar al'ummomi. Babu togiya da grasslands yanayin kasa. Animals (herbivorous dabbobi), kwari, tsuntsaye ci biyu ganye da tsaba. A mafi daji ciyawa a cikin makiyaya, da mafi m abokan ciniki iya zai ɗore a kan wannan shafin.

consuments

Masu amfani da yanayin kasa fadamun kasu kashi uku umarni:

1. Don na masu amfani da (masu amfani) na farko domin wakilan fauna kai tsaye ciyar kera (masana'antun), watau shuke-shuke. Wannan kwari (malam, ƙudan zuma, dodon kodi), herbivorous dabbobi masu shayarwa (hakori, da shanu, da dawakai, da na tumaki, da awaki, zomaye), makiyaya tsuntsãye (Quail, tsuntsu, Partridge).

2. Na biyu domin gudanar da consuments dabbobi masu cin nama, herbivores cin abinci. Yana Foxes, hedgehogs, insectivorous tsuntsu (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, tit, arba'in), kuma ko da gizo-gizo.

3. By da uku domin na amfani da su ne dabbobi masu cin nama, cin abinci dabbobi masu cin nama. Wannan tsuntsãye (kestrel, harrier, shaho, shirwa) da dabbobi (misali, Foxes).

Hallaka fadamun yanayin kasa

Duk wani abinci sarkar ya kamata a rufe, shi ne ya sa ta hawan keke na haifuwa. Saboda haka, dole ne akwai kwayoyin m da wulakantar da duk hanyoyin gudanar da sharan. еструкторами. Suna da ake kira decomposers, ko d estruktorami. Sun yi mai da muhimmanci sosai aiki - shi ne a cikin yanayi na Jami'an likitoci, sun rufe biogeochemical sake zagayowar.

Ina burbushin? Wannan matattu ƙasa, kuma a karkashin kasa (tushen) da tsire-tsire, auku kaka ganye, matattu (ko daga duk wani cuta, ko ya mutu, ko sun kammala aiwatar da zama), da tsuntsaye da kuma dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, da sharar gida kayayyakin, dabbobi da mutane. Duk da wannan makamashi-m kwayoyin halitta, shi ne ake kira detritus.

A yanayin kasa na grasslands sa ya yiwu a zama da wadannan dabbobi da cewa ciyar a kan detritus (detritophages):

• tsuntsaye - gaggafa, Angulaye, zakara, jackdaws.

• kwari - tururuwa, kwari larvae, tasowa karkashin kasa, dung beetles, centipedes biyu-biyu;

• earthworm.

Duk na sama wakilan da makiyaya Flora yawanci a da masu amfani da, zauna a raba alkuki a matsayi na masu amfani da. Cinyewa matattu saurã kuma game da shi yanã tsarkake yanayi, suka bar baya da wani m undigested sharan (makewayi).

decomposers fadamun

Makiyaya ciyawa, waɗanda suke kera, domin su girma dole dauki daga ƙasa narkar da a cikinta ma'adanai.

A ƙasar (ciki har da makiyaya) ma'adinai abubuwa shiga cikin ƙasa a cikin hanyoyi biyu - biotic da abiotic.

1. A yanayi ne kawai fungi da ƙasa kwayoyin iya maida hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi cikin sauki inorganic da kwayoyin. Su ne babban decomposers na nazarin sasannin al'amarin. Wannan biotic Hanyar.

2. Inji rushewa (daskare-narke), da sinadaran da photochemical halayen da ke faruwa a yanayi, da aka tuba a cikin hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi samuwa to decomposers sauki kwayoyin da inorganic. Wannan shi ne wani abiotic hanya zuwa.