A Yak-36: Bayani dalla-dalla da kuma hotuna

A Soviet jirgin sama masana'antu - mai alfahari ba kawai ya bace daga taswirar Tarayyar Soviet, amma kuma na zamani injiniyoyi, wanda sune magada su Mabayyani magabata. Wannan labarin da za a tattauna game da musamman jirgin sama. Wannan Yak-36, wanda halaye za a bincika a cikin daki-daki hanya.

prehistory

By kanta, da ra'ayin samar da wani na musamman da Flying inji, wanda za a yi a tsaye takeoff da saukowa, ya bayyana dogon kafin halittar jirgin saman da aka aiwatar a cikin wani nau'i na saukar ungulu. Production na jirgin sama shi ne wani jirgin sama mai saukan ungulu kama da kaddarorin da aka jinkirta har shekaru da yawa. Babban dalilin da bata lokaci ba a kafa irin wannan jirgin shi ne cewa zai zama rabo na dukan ikon shuke-shuke da aka ma mai girma, da kuma ikon - kananan. A sakamakon haka, da kiki harka koma kawai a cikin 1940s, a lokacin da duniya gan turbojets. Daga aikin injiniya da kuma gwaji a benci kafin halittar wannan jirgin sama da ya faru a lokacin da biyu da suka gabata.

Authors

Daya daga cikin majagaba a cikin wannan filin da aka jirgin zane injiniya Shulikov sunan, wanda a shekarar 1947 samarwa da amfani da musamman swivel bututun ƙarfe na turbojet (THD), wanda aka baya shigar a kan Yak-36.

Da ɗan baya Scherbakov zanen ta aiwatar da ayyuka da kuma fara gwada tsayawar a cikin wani jirgin na jirgin sama samfurin, wanda ya kashe tsaye da kuma yana da reshe, amma aka sanye take da biyu daga Rotary turbojet injuna shigar a gefen saman na fuselage. Amma babu reshe ya sa hayaniya a cikin aikin injiniya yanayi, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ci gaba da wannan aikin.

Yakovlev Design ofishin

A mafi nasara da tawagar, wanda ya shiga tsakani, a cikin halittar wani vertically jirgin daukan kashe, shi ne OKB-115, da shugaban da yake almara Aleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. Wannan injiniya a shekarar 1960 samarwa da ci gaban da Yak-104. A wannan iska jirgin ruwa shirya ya kafa biyu tilasta R19-300 engine cewa yana da za a yi amfani da matsayin hoisting propulsion abubuwa. Su sanda ya 1600 kgf. Bar engine ya zama guda mota. Developers shirya cewa tashi nauyi na 2800 kg da 600 kg man fetur ajiye inji yi tashi a iyakar gudun 550 km / h da kuma hawa zuwa tsawo na 10 000 mita. A wannan yanayin, jirgin nesa zai zama daidai da kilomita 500, kuma da tsawon shi ne daya ƙarfe zuwa minti goma.

Yak-A Project

(- 5000 kg tunkuɗa su kowane) A Afrilu 1961, kwamitin ministoci aikin a kan halittar guda m tare da biyu R21-300 engine ya cika shirye. Wannan ya riga da Yak-36. A jirgin ya kamata ya zama jirgin gudun 1100-1200 km / h a tsawon 1000 mita. The nauyi a lokacin da Take-kashe kada ta kasance fiye da 9150 kilo.

Domin sauri aiki fita da karfafawa da kuma kula da tsarin, gwada da ayyuka na Rotary engine nozzles Yak-36 tayi aka sanya yin gwaje-gwaje m samfur tare da data kasance turbojet injuna R21-300, wanda zai soki index ya 4.200 kgf. Bayar a layi daya inji kayan aiki Rotary nozzles. Wannan daftarin aiki da aka buga a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1961.

A ci gaba da Yak-36 ya jagoranci SG Mordovin. Har ila yau, injiniyoyi sun yi hannu: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

aikace-aikace

Wani sabon ƙarni na jirgin sama da ya faru a lokacin da Birtaniya iya riga fariya a irin wannan jirgin sama "Harier", wanda aka sanye take da wani turbo engine da kuma nau'i-nau'i biyu na Rotary nozzles. Duk da haka, Soviet injiniyoyi suka tafi a kan hanya, da ɗan daban-daban daga yamma.

Ganin cewa, abin da nufi shi ne Yak-36 da kuma yadda ya aka sanye take da injuna, shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa jet rudders tare da babban dirka da aka shigar a cikin hanci da wutsiya na fuselage sassa na inji. Daya daga cikin su ya yi, da sa kaimi a fairly dogon post. Kuma duk saboda matsalar da rada ya ba kawai don sarrafa jirgin sama iko a dõgẽwa yanayi, amma kuma samar da cikakken ma'auni na jirgin ruwa a lokacin rikicewar kyawu. Amma ga Motors, suka yi shigar a kan jirgin sama hanci da bututun ƙarfe sanya, a cibiyar nauyi na Yak-36.

Features na na'ura

The bayyana tsari na actuator na jirgin sama sa a bayyanar da bukatar wani keke irin shasi unicycle tare da wani goyon baya a kan hanci da kuma wani biyu wheeled raya goyon baya. reshe goyon bayan an tsabtace a cikin shugabanci daura da Yak-36 tace, da kuma shirya a fairings. A dama cowl scripting sosai iska-matsa lamba mai karɓar tare da musamman masu auna sigina da kuma zamewa kusassari da harin. The sosai guda airframe zane ya fairly hali na jirgin sama daga waɗanda shekara: Semi-monocoque fuselage aka za'ayi, kuma reshe spars aka sanye take da bude yatsun.

aminci

Tasowa da Yak-36, wanda aka nuna a cikin photo takarda, da injiniyoyi ba su da wani ra'ayi game da yadda jirgin ruwan behaves a lokacin da jirgin (blockages a gefen lokacin Take-kashe, ko kuma wani karfi majeure). A wannan batun, don tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar matukin jirgin a lokacin daban-daban gaggawa yanayi jiragen sama samar da tilasta ejection na'urar. Har ila yau, da jirgin sama da wani tsarin da cikakken atomatik iko a lokacin da jirgin gudun, jinyar da sifili.

Aircraft samar da gwaji

A farko hudu tasoshin da aka gina a cikin shuka, located a kan Leningradsky Prospekt a Moscow. Daya daga cikin wadannan jirgin sama aiki a matsayin wani abin koyi ga ƙarfi gwaje-gwaje. A cikin bazara na shekarar 1963 a wani jirgin saman da lambar 36 da gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi, da nufin dubawa da mataki na kariya da ingress injuna a su nuna da jet rafi, kazalika da jimiri gwaji. A saboda wannan dalili hari Yak-36 da aka sanye take da biyu gas shãmaki bude yatsun, daya daga wanda aka saka a kan hanci, da kuma na biyu - da turbo nozzles.

Na biyu mota qazanta da lambar 37 kawai anã karanta saukowa da shan kashe. Da farko, da tsawo da aka ƙafãfu biyu, kuma daga baya, da adadi ya riga 5 mita. 85 horo rataya-rubucen da aka za'ayi shekara biyu. Yuni 25, 1963 a jirgin yi hadari: akwai wani shasi gazawar a lokacin tsaye saukowa saboda da high kudi na slipping.

Uku jirgin sama (wutsiya da lambar 38) taimaka wajen duba yadda ya dace da jet rudders, autopilot da kuma tsarin controls dake a cikin kokfit. Developers aka zabi irin wannan iska kwarara kudi wanda damar da jirgin sama ya zama barga yayin da kyawu da kuma sa cikin na'ura gaba daya sarrafawa da matukin jirgi.

gano matsalolin

Kamar yadda aka nuna, mafi wuya ya shi aiwatar da wani a tsaye saukowa. The biyu gwajin matukan jirgin sun daban-daban, ra'ayin da a kan jirgin sama. Saboda haka, matukin jirgi Garnaev yi imani da cewa ƙasar kamata a da za'ayi kawai da helikofta type, wato, da mota da za a sa mai girma tare da pre-balaga gudun. Bi da bi, da matukin jirgi Mukhin da wani ra'ayi daban-daban. An ce da goyon bayan samar da wani helikofta na'ura mai juyi, yayin da Yak-36 da wannan aiki a cikin daban-daban bulan na jirgin tabbacin reshe da kuma engine gas jet. Saboda haka, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da lokaci da canja wurin da daga daga cikin reshe kai tsaye ga ikon naúrar. Kuma saboda saukowa ya za a lasafta cikin sharuddan tsawo, wanda zai dace da tsawo na motsi a cikin da'irar. A sakamakon haka, shi da yake daidai Mukhin.

Flight gwaji

Kyawu Yak-36 da aka yi a kan rabin mita tsawo sama da rami, wanda aka rufe da karfe sanduna. Wannan ya yi don rage matakin kutse na gas jiragen sama. Duk da haka, tabbatar da cewa jirgin yana iya shan kashe tsaye daga grating zarar watsi da koma a kan wani m tamkar surface. Kuma akwai ta'allaka matsalar. A daidai lokacin da saukowa kaya m tafi daga titin jiragen sama, da jirgin saman fara girgiza violently, kuma ya fadi zuwa gefe. Layi daya ga wannan, da ikon gas rudders rasa.

Don sanin ko jirgin sama engine dirka zama dole to rikodin a kan ma'auni. Designers a da karatu cigaban musamman sannu a hankali, kusan a katantanwa ta taki. Wani lokaci yana faru da cewa manyan-tonnage jirgin sama sauya ra'ayi suka mara a cikin iska, saboda haka da cewa kusan ba su yi biyayya da dokokin da matukin jirgi. Tame jirgin kasa bayan ya juya hana ingress na gas a cikin iska ya kwarara na'urar. Wannan ya kai ga cewa, jirgin yana guga man a kasa da kuma zama hõrarriya.

na farko jirgin

A Yak-36, tare da wani tarihin taqin fiye da shekaru goma, na farko lokacin da za'ayi wani cikakken jirgin da 27 ga watan Yuli, 1964. Duk da haka, su tãyar da jirgin ruwa a cikin iska Mukhin cika gudu da gudu, saboda ba wanda aka ɗauke wa hango ko hasashen da hali a cikin iska. Mafi m, bayan wannan gwajin, akwai wani bita na uku inji, wanda ya kunshi a cikin shigarwa na biyu ventral fins a kan kowane daga cikinsu.

Bayan watanni biyu kuma, akwai na farko da cikakken fledged shawagi da jirgin sama. Mukhin haka ƙware da mota, ko a yarda da kansa ya jefa cikin tiller a wannan lokaci na gudu, da kuma jirgin sama hovered a wuri ba tare da wani sabawa.

All tafi zuwa ga cewa shi ne zai yiwu a yi cikakken flights. Duk da haka, wannan yana da yin aiki tukuru da kuma rabin shekara. Fabrairu 7, 1966 Mukhin cika da a tsaye Take-kashe, da za'ayi jirgin a kan wani madauwari hanyar da ya zauna a kan wani jirgin sama. A Maris 24, matukin jirgin da za'ayi a tsaye takeoff, wani jirgin a cikin da'irar kuma a tsaye saukowa. Wannan rana yana dauke da ranar haihuwa na Rasha da jirgin sama, wanda yana da yiwuwar tsaye takeoff.

fasaha Manuniya

An fito da jirgin da karamin dangi, sabili da haka tsara hukumar ya ɓullo da wani kyautata model na Yak-36M, wanda, bayan al'amurra da samu masu lamba Yak-38. A sabon jirgin ya riga wani dan kadan daban-daban layout, wanda shi ne da yawa fiye da tabbatar da kanta a yi.

A Yak-36, da fasaha halaye na wanda aka nuna a kasa, ya mai nasara a cikin gida da jirgin sama. Saboda haka, ta bayani dalla-dalla su ne kamar haka:

• The jirgin ta tsawon - 16.4 m.
• Wingspan - 10 m.
• Machine tsawo - 4.3 m.
• Wing Area - 17 sq. m.
• Weight na komai jirgin ruwa - 5400 kg.
• Takeoff nauyi - 9400 kg.
• Engine - 2 x R27V TPD-300.
• Unforced sanda - 2 x 5000 kg.
• Reserve gudu a tsawo - 1,100 km / h.
• Iyakar gudu a kusa da ƙasa - 900 km / h.
• Real rufi - 11000 m.
• The ƙungiya - 1 person.
• Makamai - fama kaya daga sama zuwa 2000 kg. SD iska-to-air R-60M, Nur, da bama-bamai.

Ilmi da horo model

Yak-18T da aka ɓullo da a 1964. A lokacin da shekaru na amfani da shi ya halartar wasu canje-canje, da kuma a shekara ta 2006 gwamnatin Rasha ya yanke shawarar ci gaba cikakken sikelin samar da Yak-18T (jerin 36). Wannan jirgin sama ne a yi amfani da koyarwa da kuma dalilai na horo ga horar cadets na jirgin makarantu.

Yak-18T 36 Series yana da wadannan siffofin:

• Yana saita iska uku-ruwa propeller jerin AB-803-1-C.
• A gaban mota ya halartar manyan canje-canje.
• Yana aka ƙara kewayon real jirgin da kuma shigar da ƙarin tankuna na 180 lita kowane a cikin adadin guda biyu.
• Modified kofa a cikin kokfit.
• Karfafa dumama (hita shigar biyu).
• Wuta bango an sanya daga bakin karfe sa.
• Used man fetur - fetur "Premium 95".

Wannan jirgin sama da aka nuna a daban-daban na duniya nune-nunen jirgin sama (MAX 2007 da MAX 2009).

Dokokin tabbatar da cewa jirgin sama ya zama matsala-free aiki 3,500 hours ko 15,000 landings ba tare da wani kalandar hane-hane.