A marubuta na Azurfa Age. A adabi na Azurfa Age a Rasha

A adabi na Azurfa Age a Rasha, halitta a nuna na 19th kuma 20th ƙarni, shi ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na m al'adunmu na kasar mu. Domin wannan lokaci da aka halin da gaban da yawa daban-daban trends da kuma nufi, akida savanin muhimmi a ba kawai da dama mawallafa, amma kuma yana da wani wuri ko a cikin ayyukan mutum marubuta, composers da kuma artists. A wannan lokacin, sabuntawa, sake tunani da yawa iri da kuma nau'o'i na art. Kamar yadda muka gani da M. Nesterov, akwai "wata janar reassessment dabi'u."

Har ma a cikin m gabascin da kuma al'adu Figures kiyaye da amfãninta ninki biyu dangane da m al'adunmu bar ta neman sauyi Democrats.

lalacewar

Art al'ada a general da kuma wallafe-wallafen na Azurfa Age a Rasha, musamman a nuna na 19-20 ƙarni aka alama ta tartsatsi lalacewar ( "lalacewar"), ya yi shelar bangaskiya a dalilin, da asarar jama'a akida, na sirri kula, mutum abubuwan. Saboda haka, wasu daga cikin masana nemi su "tserewa" daga cikin matsaloli na rayuwa a duniyar unreality, mafarkai, da kuma wani lokacin sufi. Wannan tsari ya faru ya zama, domin a wancan lokacin akwai wani rikicin a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa, da kuma m kerawa kawai gani da shi.

Lalacewar kama ko da wakilan da idon basira kwatance a art. Duk da haka, mafi yawan wadannan ra'ayoyin ne har yanzu halayyar da wakilan modernist trends.

Zamani da kuma hakikanci a art

Kalmar "zamani" ta shafi mutane da yawa irin na karni na 20th art. Ya bayyana a farkon karni, kuma da wanda ya riga ya labarun almara. Duk da haka, da karshen a lokacin ba tukuna janye a cikin gabata, godiya ga rinjayar zamani akwai wani sabon fasali: raba "tsarin" hangen nesan na rayuwa, da search fara ga mutum wajen magana a cikin art.

A mafi muhimmanci alama na ma'adanin na farkon karni na 20th zama kira, hada daban-daban siffofin.

References juya na karni

Back a cikin 90s na karni na 19th Rasha adabi fito shugabanci, adawa da hukuncin yayin da labarun almara. Cif daga cikinsu ya zamani. Mutane da yawa marubuta na Azurfa Age (jerin kwatance da su main wakilan za a yi la'akari da ƙasa) ko ta yaya samu daga cikin labarun almara. Suka ci gaba da haifar da, samar da sabon yayi da kuma kwatance.

zamani

A adabi na Azurfa Age a Rasha yana buɗewa zamani. Akwai aka garwaya daban-daban kasida da marubuta, wani lokacin sosai daban-daban a cikin akida da m bayyanar. A wancan lokaci, za a fara aiki modernist nema, wanda shi ne na wahayi bayan yawa na Friedrich Nietzsche, kazalika da wasu Rasha marubuta, kamar AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev da sauransu. Suka sanar da 'yanci na adabi halitta, ake magana a kansu kamar yadda ta firistoci, wa'azi da sadaukarwa na "magabacin mutumi", sun ƙi daga zaman jama'a da kuma halin kirki akida.

symbolism

Kamar yadda shugabanci na symbolism a Rasha ya dauki siffar a nuna na 19-20 ƙarni. Ware "dattawan" na Symbolists, wanda sun hada da Brusov, F. Sologub, Konstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, da sauransu da suka kasance na farko da ya yi a cikin wannan shugabanci. Don ƙarin junior mambobi hada da marubuta na Azurfa Age na Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, da sauransu. A msar tambayar, na ado da kuma falsafa tushe na wannan yunkuri sun sosai bambancin. Alal misali, bisa ga V.Bryusov symbolism shi ne zalla, m, kuma Merezhkovsky dauki matsayin tushen Kiristanci. Vyacheslav Ivanov aka dogara ne a kan ilmi da kuma falsafar tsufa ga warwarewarsu Nietzsche, kuma A. White kasance m da ayyukan Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. A core na akida da "ƙaramin" symbolists ne a falsafar Vladimir Soloviev tare da ra'ayin na zuwa wurin Madawwami mata da kuma ta Uku Alkawari.

Symbolists bar wata wasiyya da biyu shayari kuma litattafan, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. Amma akwai karin halayyar shayari in da dama nau'o'i da cewa aiki na da yawa marubuta na Azurfa Age, aikin a cikin wannan shugabanci.

VY Bruce

Creativity VY Bryusov (1873-1924 gg.) Lura da dama akida Gyaran baya. A juyin juya halin Musulunci events na 1905 taso sha'awa da kuma alama farkon wannan tashi daga symbolism na mawãƙi ne. Duk da haka, sabon shugabanci na Bruce ya zaɓi nan da nan, kazalika da siffa hali zuwa juyin juya hali, wanda ya sosai sabanin. Mawãƙi gladly maraba da rundunõni waɗanda ba, a cikin ra'ayi, ya tsarkake Rasha na haihuwa akida, da kuma imani da kuma sa an kawo karshen tsohon duniya. Duk da haka, a cikin aikinsa, kuma ya lura da cewa, wannan elemental karfi kawo hallaka. "Breaking - Zan kasance tare da ku gina - ba!" - VJ rubuta Bruce.

Domin aikinsa ne halin da bin kimiyya fahimtar rayuwa, a sabunta sha'awa a cikin tarihi, wanda aka raba da wasu marubuta na Azurfa Age (jerin wakilan symbolism ya kasance kayyade sama).

hakikanci

Asalin sabani halayyar da zamanin matsayin dukan, sun shafa da kuma a wasu mai neman na hakika marubuta. Alal misali, a cikin aikin na L. Andreev nuna a tashi daga idon basira ka'idojin.

Amma sauran labarun almara ya ba bace. A adabi na Azurfa Age kasida da ya zo daga hakikanci, ya kiyaye wannan shugabanci. A rabo na kowa mutum, da daban-daban na zamantakewa da matsaloli, rayuwa a cikin da yawa siffofin ne har yanzu a nuna a cikin al'adunsu. Daya daga cikin mafi girma da wakilan hakikanci a lokacin da aka marubuci Bunin (1870-1953 gg.). A wani m pre-neman sauyi lokaci ya halicci labarin "The Village" (1910) da kuma "Dry Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

A 1910, akwai jayayya kewaye da symbolism, kuma shi ya kasance wani rikicin. A wurin wannan yanki ne a hankali zuwa Acmeism ( "Acme" a Greek - matakin qarshe, yana da lokaci zuwa Bloom). The kafa sabon Trend aka dauke su NS Gumilev da SM Gorodetsky. Wannan kungiyar kuma hada da marubuta na Azurfa Age œ Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich da sauransu.

Ba kamar wasu shubuha, symbolism nebula, acmeists ya sanar da goyon bayan duniya zama, "a sarari ra'ayinmu game da rayuwa." Bugu da kari, Acmeist adabi na Azurfa Age (kasida da marubuta cewa sun kawai aka jera) kawo wa art na ado da kuma hedonistic aiki, ƙoƙarin tsere daga matsalolin zamantakewa a cikin shayari. A Acmeism ji fili decadent muradi da msar tambayar goyon bayan wannan Trend ya falsafar idealism. Wasu Rasha marubuta na Azurfa Age tafi a kan a cikin aikinsa, wanda ya zama sabon akida da m ingancin (misali, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

A 1912 da aka haife shi da tarin "Hyperborean", a cikin abin da sabon adabi karo na farko ayyana kanta. Acmeists dauke da kansu mãsu mayẽwa daga symbolism game wanda Gumilev ya ce ya "ya gama da'irar na ci gaba", da kuma sanar da kin amincewa da haddin shari'a, gwagwarmayar neman canji a rai yanayi, wanda aka sau da yawa ya nuna adabi na Azurfa Age.

Writers - wakilan acmeism kokarin rayar da bayani dalla-dalla, objectivity, tsaftace shi tare da Sufi. Amma su images ne sosai daban-daban daga cikin idon basira, a cikin kalmomi na S. Gorodetsky, su ne kamar "... da farko haife" da kuma bayyana a matsayin wani abu taba gani a gaban.

AA Akhmatova

A cikin aikin a cikin wannan shugabanci da shi riko da wani wuri na musamman AA Akhmatova. A farko tarin ta waqe, "Maraice" ya bayyana a cikin 1912. An halin kange sautin, Psychology, shãmaki theme, tausaya da mai zurfi lyricism. AA Akhmatova fili mayar da ra'ayin "bigiren Adam," Ya sanar acmeists. Domin ta aiki ne halin da soyayya mutum, imani da fasaharsa, da kuma ƙarfin ruhaniya. Mafi yawa daga cikin aikin da mawãƙi dama a kan Soviet shekaru.

Biyu na farko tarin Akhmatova, tanã biyar "Maraice" da "Rosary" (1914), ya kawo ta girma da daraja. Su yi tunani m, kunkuntar duniya a wadda rufe rubutu bakin ciki da alhini. Taken soyayya a nan, ya fi muhimmanci da kuma na musamman, da kakkarfan dangankata da wahalar sa ta sada facts daga cikin rãyuwar mawãƙi ne.

NS Gumilyov

Manyan da kuma gagarumin m al'adunmu, NS Gumilyov. A cikin aikin wannan mawãƙi ta main jigogi sun tarihi da kuma m, kuma ya rera waka da "karfi hali". Gumilev ɓullo da wani nau'i na ayar da tabbatar da shi daidai da kuma kore.

Acmeists Creativity ya ko da yaushe aka adawa da Symbolists, saboda a ayyukansu za a iya samu "da sauran halittu", bege ga shi. Gumilyov farko marabtar da juyin juya halin a shekara daga baya ya rubuta wani waka game da mutuwa na duniya, karshen wayewa. Ya gane da yankunan da sakamakon wani yaki da zai iya zama m ga bil'adama. A cikin waka "The Work," ya jũna a foresee ya ƙarshen harbe proletarian harsashi "da ya raba ni daga cikin duniya." Nikolai Stepanovich aka kashe zargin hannu a cikin counter-neman sauyi hadin kai.

Wasu daga cikin kasida da marubuta na Azurfa Age - wakilan acmeism baya hijira. Wasu sun ba su iya yin haka. Alal misali, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, matarsa, NS Gumilyov, ya ba su riƙi mai girma Oktoba juyin juya halin, duk da haka, ya ƙi barin ƙasarsa ta kasar. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru bar a ta rai a manyan sawun, kuma mawãƙi ne ba nan da nan iya komawa zuwa aiki. Duk da haka, Mai girma Patriotic War sake tada a cikin ta da wani Bakan'ane, mawãƙi, m cikin nasarar da kasar (da samfurin "Rashin tsoro," "The rantsuwa" da sauransu).

futurism

A lokaci guda kamar yadda Acmeism (ie, 1910-1912.), Akwai Futurism. Ya, kamar sauran yankunan da aka ba kama, vydelyalyaya da dama yayi. The most of su, Cubo, sõyayya kasida V. Mayakovsky, VV Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, VV Kamensky, Kruchenykh da sauransu. Wani irin futurism ya egofuturizm gabatar da aikin na I. Arewa. A rukunin "yara" su ne sabon shiga yayin da kasida NN Aseev kuma Pasternak Pasternak, kazalika da sauran marubuta da kuma marubuta na Azurfa Age.

Futurism ya kawo siffar cewa ya zama yanzu zaman kanta da abun ciki, ya yi shela, 'yancin magana, gaba daya watsi da wallafe-wallafen ci gaba da al'adar. Futurist Shelar "mara a fuskar jama'a dandano", da aka buga a 1912, ya yi kira ga kifar da podium da irin wannan babban iko, kamar yadda Tolstoy, Pushkin, kuma Dostoevsky.

A marubuta na Azurfa Age na Rasha adabi VV Kamensky da Velimir Khlebnikov gudanar da za su gudanar nasara gwaje-gwajen da magana rinjayi kara raya Rasha shayari.

VV Mayakovsky

Daga cikin Futurists fara ƙirƙirar babban waƙen VV Mayakovsky (1893-1930 gg.). A 1912 ya zo da littafin da farko waqe. Mayakovsky ba kawai da "kowace irin takarce," amma kuma ya yi kira da bukatar wani sabon jama'a rayuwa. Vladimir Vladimirovich ya hango na Oktoba juyin juya halin, ya sunyi tir da mulkin "kitse", wanda aka nuna a cikin waqe "yaki da zaman lafiya", "A Cloud a wando", "Man", "tsatso sarewa" a cikin abin da suka ƙaryata game da dukan tsarin jari hujja da kuma shelar bangaskiya a mutum.

Sauran kasida da marubuta na Azurfa Age

A cikin shekaru kafin juyin juya hali, akwai sauran haske kasida da marubuta na Azurfa Age na Rasha adabi, wanda da wuya a sanyã wa wani musamman shugabanci, misali MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative karshen halayyar demonstrative 'yancin kai da kuma kin amincewa da al'ada norms na hali da kuma halaye.

Rasha al'adu na wannan lokaci shi ne sakamakon babban kuma hadaddun hanyoyi. Its muhimmi dabiu consistently zauna high humanism, al'umma da kuma dimokuradiyya, duk da babban matsin da gwamnatin ta mayar da martani. More bayanai za a iya samu a wani littafi ( "Wallafe-wallafe", Grade 11), Silver Age dole kunshe a cikin makaranta manhaja.