A Karakum hamada (Turkmenistan): description, fasali, da sauyin yanayi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Sandy hamada na Karakum (Turkmenistan) shi ne mafi girma a Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Da karkararta ne sararin. Wannan ¾ yankunan cikin Turkmenistan. Ina Karakum hamada? Yana maida hankali ne akan wani yanki dake tsakanin tsaunukan na Karabil Vanhyza da Kopetdag a kudu, kazalika da Khorezm Shefela a cikin yankin arewacin kasar. A gabas ta da iyaka a kan ƙasa na da kwarin Amu Darya, kuma a yamma - tare da gado na Uzboi.

labarin kasa

Karakum - hamada na Asia, mikewa kusan 800 km a kan daidaici da kuma 450 km tare da Meridian. A duka yankin na yashi a bakin teku ne da fiye da ɗari uku da hamsin murabba'in kilomita. Yana wuce girman da kasashe kamar Italiya da kuma Birtaniya. Yana da ban sha'awa kwatanta Karakum hamada tare da irin wannan halitta tsarin. Harshen Turkmen Sand Sea aka located in most jerin. Wa anda suke so su san abin da hamada ne mafi - da Kalahari ko Karakum, da daraja qazanta tuna cewa halitta samuwar Afirka ne kusan sau biyu a matsayin mai yawa. Its yanki ne 600 murabba'in kilomita.

A Karakum hamada ne bambancin a cikin ƙasa, yanki tsarin, kasar gona da kuma ciyayi. A wannan batun, masana kimiyya sun raba shi cikin Kudu maso Gabas, da filayen kwari (Tsakiya) da kuma Zaunguz (Arewa) zone. Wadannan sassa uku na hamada rarrabe daya daga wani asali, yanayin yanayi, da kuma mataki na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

arewa Karakum

Zaunguz na Harshen Turkmen yashi a bakin teku ne mafi tsoho ma'aunan kasa tsarin. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa samuwar na Arewa Karakums faru fiye da miliyan da suka wuce. Shi ne mafi daukaka ɓangare na ƙasa, falalen kan sauran 40-50 kilomita. Wannan tsari yana da filaye kiran Arewa Karakum hamada tudu. Duk da haka, wannan ba daidai bane saboda ma manyan compartmentalization na zone a kan abin da kyry - meridionally elongated yashi ridges, kai wani tsawo na 80-100 m, tsakanin wanda aka kewaye da m.

Ruwan karkashin kasa da ke faruwa a arewacin Kara Kum, mafi yawa m. Yana ba da damar cikakken amfani da data yankin for makiyaya. Bugu da kari, cikin gida sauyin yanayi ne yafi tsanani fiye da a cikin sauran biyu zones.

Daga arewa maso yammacin gefen Karakum Zaunguz iyaka gwada da kyau-tsare tsoho kogin na West Uzbaya. A kudancin wannan hamada yanki da aka yanke da kafada, da tsawo daga wanda dabam daga 60 zuwa 160 mita. Wannan curving sarkar Shorov, takyrs da yashi daruna kai na Amu Darya da West zo zuwa Uzboi. Game da yadda ya yi wadannan m rage shi ne ba a sani ba har yanzu. A cewar wasu masana kimiyya, gefen karfafa Zaunguz kafa saboda jari na salts, wanda waved kuma Muka halakar da na halitta dutse. Wasu masu binciken sun yi nuni da cewa wannan ƙasa shi ne tsoho kadan tsira gado na Amu Darya.

Kudu maso gabas da tsakiya Karakum

Waɗannan abubuwan sune, low, tare da wani tsawo tsawo kasancewa a cikin kewayon daga 50 zuwa 200 m. Ina hamada Karakums motsa daga daya zone zuwa wani, ba a sani. Lalle ne, iyakar tsakanin wadannan sassa ya kasance sosai matukar. Amma nuna a fakaice shi da reluwe Tendzhen-Chardzhou.

A cewar ta wuri mai faɗi da Kudu-gabashi da tsakiyar Karakum shi ya bambanta daga Arewa filayen kan tsarin. Wannan, da kuma gaban a cikin wadannan yankunan arziki shekara-zagaye makiyaya da dama ruwa tare rijiyoyin yarda da wani karin m amfani da su a cikin tattalin arziki da sharuddan. A ci gaba da wadannan yankunan na taimaka wa mai gwada dogon lokaci ba tare da sanyi dake kusa da manyan birane da kuma wani babban adadin m yanayin zafi.

sauyin yanayi

Mene ne Karakum? Wannan sararin ƙasa a cikin abin da akwai kaifi hawa da sauka daga iska talakawa diurnal zazzabi. A general, da sauyin yanayi na hamada nasa ne da nahiyar. Bugu da ƙari, da talakawan Janairu zafin jiki a cikin arewa, an rubuta su a kusa da debe biyar digiri, kuma a kudu - da uku. A watan Yuli, da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio yakan ta 28 zuwa 34 digiri. Amma abin da yake ban sha'awa. Saboda yau da kullum hawa da sauka daga iska Karakum Desert ne daya daga cikin mafi zafi a duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda da cewa a cikin rãna a cikin da yawa daga sassa ma'aunin zafi da sanyio yakan zuwa da hamsin darajõji, kuma a sama. Amma ga ƙasa, sa'an nan shi yana a mafi girma Warming. Wani lokaci yashi da zazzabi kai tamanin digiri.

Winter ga Karakum Desert ne halin mai tsanani frosts. A wannan kakar a kan kusa yashi rairayin bakin teku ma'aunin zafi da sanyio saukad da kasa talatin digiri.

Amma ga hazo, su ne sosai wanda bai isa ba. A lokacin shekara, da arewa na hamada su yawan kai 60 mm, kuma a kudu - 150 mm. A mafi damana a cikin Karakum Desert ne lokacin daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu. A wannan lokaci shi da dama zuwa saba'in cikin dari na shekara-shekara hazo.

Asalin sunan

Fassara daga Harshen Turkmen harshe "Kara-Kum" na nufin "black yashi". Amma da sunan ba ya dace da gaskiya. A Karakum bari na baki yashi ya aikata ba. Sunan wannan halitta samuwar, mafi m saboda gaskiyar cewa casa'in da biyar bisa dari na da karkararta a ko ta wani hanya an rufe tare da ciyayi, wanda a lokacin rani hasarar da koren launi. Sauran biyar da cent na hamada - rairayi. Kuma sunan a cikin Harshen Turkmen sauti kamar "ah-Kum". Fassara, yana nufin "farin yashi".

Akwai wani version na asalin sunan daga cikin Harshen Turkmen hamada. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa kalmar "black" ne zalla, m kuma yana nufin cewa yankin ba saba rayuwa, maƙiya a gare mutum.

archaeological binciken

Bisa ga masu bincike, da Karakum bari aka sanaki mutane har da baya a matsayin na hudu Millennium BC. A ƙauyuka na zamanin d kabilu da aka gano da masana kimiyya a zango kusa da yankin Neja Delta na ba data kasance Murghab River. Wannan shafin janyo hankalin mutane ta ƙasa da kuma a baya ƙarni. Ko a karshen na uku Millennium BC, lokacin da sararin yanki daga Girka zuwa India da aka kama da fari mai tsanani a cikin wannan zango na Hijira mazauna Arewa Siriya da kuma Eastern Anatoliya.

Ko da karin muhimmanci samu aka yi da masana kimiyya a shekara ta 1972 archeological balaguro karkashin jagorancin VI Sarianidi samu a cikin Karakum hamada kango na zamanin d Haikali birni Gonur Depe, wanda aka fassara daga Harshen Turkmen nufin "m tudun". Wannan shiri ne mai grandiose hadaddun, gina na dutse, a tsakiyar wanda yake cikin Haikali hadayu, wuta kuma da sauran fannin jiki. Tare da kewaye dukkan gini ambulan m ganuwar, a saman da suke square hasumiyarki. A cikin wannan birnin na zamanin d mazaunan zo Margush bauta wa wuta.

Ya kamata ya zama mutum ɗari biyu da ƙauyuka da aka samu bayan da aka gano wani archaeological balaguro Gonur Sarianidi. A daidai wannan lokaci, masana kimiyya ce cewa Margush a baya sau a muhimmanci shi ne ba na baya zuwa Bagadaza, Misira, China ko India.

Duk da haka, a karshen na biyu Millennium BC, mutane dole ya bar m zango da a search na cikakken ruwa wani mai ɓuɓɓuga Madogararsa. Sands ne to kawai share burbushi na da zarar mai girma wayewa, wadda wasu malamai sun karkata zuwa imani na farko mai bãyar da Zoroastrianism.

ilimi version

A Karakum bari aka kafa gwada da kwanan nan. Saboda haka, yana da shekaru da Zaunguz mãkirci ne game da shekaru miliyan. Wannan shi ne muhimmanci kasa fiye da shekaru na Namib Desert, wanda ya wanzu for miliyan 55 shekaru.

Yammacin sashe na Karakum ko da ƙaramin. Yana da aka kafa daga matakan kawai 2-2,5 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce.

Abin da ma'aunan kasa pedigree yana Karakum hamada? A wannan lissafi, akwai biyu shiriritar masana kimiyya. A daya daga cikinsu, ka sa a gaba a hakar ma'adinai m A. M. Konshinym, bari samuwar faru a zamanin d bushe-up Aral da Caspian Sea, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare na prehistoric Tethys Ocean.

Kamar yadda na biyu jarrabawa, wanda bisa ga mafi malaman, da Karakum hamada yanki kafa ta cikin koguna Murghab, Amu da kuma waɗansu da yawa, don yin lãka, yashi da sauran kayayyakin daga halakar kankara kudancin ridges na Kopetdag Mountains. Wannan tsari ya faru a farkon Quaternary. A wannan lokaci, sanyaya da cika fuska canza Warming kuma thawed glaciers gudummawar da gaskiya cewa kogin ya kasance wani m da kuma full-gudãna. Wannan ka'ida an tabbatar da kara bincike geologists.

Biota

The Wonderful Duniya na Karakum barin ban sha'awa ga wadanda masu bincike wanda aka kullum neman fadada su sãsanni. Sand Sea Turkmenistan - shi ne wurin da mayar da hankali ne kawai rãnã-m Flora da fauna da cewa zai iya rayuwa a cikin rashi na babban adadin danshi.

Karakum Desert aka zaba ta hanyar da dama dozin jinsuna daban na masu rarrafe, da fiye da dubu jinsunan arthropod. Dadi a wannan yanki jin uku dozin jinsunan tsuntsaye da ɗari biyu da saba'in da jinsunan shuke-shuke. Desert, su yi la'akari da shi da gida, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai a cikinsa wani abu m da ba a sani ba ga mutum da kansa.

ciyayi

A kan m yankunan da Karakum girma daban-daban shrubs. Daga gare su, baki da fari Haloxylon, Salsola, Ph.D., kuma astragalus. Found nan da yashi itacen ƙirya. Ciyawa cover a cikin hamada mafi inflated sedge, akwai saxaul, saltwort, da kuma sauran ephemeral al'umma.

A yankunan da m Karakum sararan kasa girma xerophytic Bishiyoyi da sub-shrubs. Mutane da yawa su ba su da foliage cover ko suka jefa shi a kan abin da ya faru na fari.

Tushen na shuke-shuke girma a cikin hamada, branched da kuma dogon. Bã su da su shiga to mafi zurfin. Alal misali, raƙumi ƙaya. Its tushen tsarin ne zurfi a cikin yashi ƙasa ga fiye da ashirin mita.

Desert shuke-shuke karbe ta tsaba, wanda yawanci pubescent ko da rarrabe fuka-fuki. Wannan tsarin facilitates da motsi na da iska. Mutane da yawa daga cikin Karakum hamada shuke-shuke tushen sauƙi, ko idan ta shiga cikin motsi gona. Musamman rarrabe tugais. Wannan ƙunci na fari Willow da poplar, giant ciyawa, tsamiya da sauran danshi-m shuke-shuke, wanda za a iya samu a kan bankunan na Karakum Canal.

dabba duniya

Mutane da yawa a cikin Karakum Desert kuma fauna. Wannan dabba ne da saba da rayuwa a cikin m yankunan. Mafi yawansu ba su fi son nocturnal, kuma suna iya lokaci mai tsawo ba tare da ruwa. Bugu da kari, dabbobi da za a iya samu a cikin hamada - mai gudu. Sun iya tafiya mai nisa.

Daga cikin wakilan dabbobi masu shayarwa za a iya samu a cikin Karakum hamada kerkẽci da wani jackal, barewa, da gopher, steppe da Barchan cat, coney da fox-Korsakov. Dabbobi masu rarrafe Duniya da aka gabatar kadangaru da cobras, yashi Boa maciji da-kibiya, Agam da steppe kunkuru. A sararin sama da teku m hamada tashi cara da larks, saxaul jays kuma sparrows da kuma kananan tsuntsaye Bulanov.

Na kwaro a wannan yanki akwai kunamai phalanx, beetles da gizo-gizo karakurt. A Amu Darya, da Karakum canal kuma Wuraren da akwai fiye da hamsin jinsunan kifaye, daga cikinsu akwai herbivorous irin kifi da ciyawa irin kifi.

bari cat

Musamman hankali ya kamata trot na Karakum hamada. Saboda haka sau da yawa ake magana a kai Caracal. A gaskiya, wadannan dabbobi ne irin wannan a cikin halaye na kirki. Duk da haka, talakawa trot ba zai iya tsira a cikin hamada, inda babu gandun daji. Domin caracal, wadannan yankunan su ne 'yan qasar gida. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane. Desert dabba da aka fentin a wani haske launin ruwan kasa launi, kyale shi ya zama kusan ganuwa a cikin foothill ridges da rairayi. Babban abinci caracal ne tsuntsãye, hakori da kadangaru.

Tsakanin abin da yake cikin Karakum Desert, wanda shi ne mazauninsu na wannan ban mamaki dabba? Yana mãkirci daga Aral Sea zuwa Caspian. Amma, abin takaici, ci gaban wadannan yankunan ya jagoranci wani m raguwa a yawan hamada Cats, da kuma a yau a cikin daji akwai kawai game da 300 mutane.

Repetek ajiye

Saba da Flora da fauna da Karakum hamada, shi ne kyawawa su fara tare da tsakiyar ɓangare na gabashin yankin. A nan ne, a nesa na 70 kilomita kudu na garin Chardzhou, a 1928, da wani musamman Repetek ajiye da aka kafa. Its main aiki ne kariya da kuma nazarin da na halitta hadaddun, wanda shi ne mai arziki a cikin Karakum hamada.

Repetek Reserve maida hankali ne akan wani yanki na game da talatin da dubu biyar kadada, wanda ya takaita da babban shuka m teku Harshen Turkmen al'umma da kuma ta bambancin namun daji.

yana da ban sha'awa

A Karakum hamada da takwara. Wannan shi ne mai gwada da kananan yashi tsarin - Karakum - located in Kazakhstan. An ayi tsakanin biyu tabkuna - Sassykol da Balkhash.

A Karakum hamada janyo hankalin masu yawa yawon bude ido kona kyau. An ayi kusa da kauyen Darwaza. Wannan tsohon bincike rijiyoyin cewa rushe saboda da nan kusa karkashin kasa voids.

A Karakum yawa ruwan karkashin kasa. Musamman manyan stockpiles ne a kusa da Amu Darya kwari.

A Karakum hamada haƙa dubu ashirin rijiyoyin. Bugu da ƙari, cikin ruwa na wanda mafi yawa ana cirewa tsoho hanya, wanda amfani da su tafiya ta cikin da'irar raƙuma.