X-haskoki

X-haskoki da aka gano by WK Roentgen a 1895 da kuma mai suna da X-haskoki. Fiye da shekaru biyu, masanin kimiyya da hannu a su gudanar da bincike. A wannan lokacin, na farko da aka halitta X-ray shambura. Su ne mafi sananniyar Madogararsa na radiation.

An yi wahayi da cewa da wuya X-haskoki su iya shiga wani iri-iri na kayan, kazalika da taushi mutum nama. A karshen al'amari sauri samu aikace-aikace a magani.

A samu na X-haskoki kama yayin da hankalin masana kimiyya a duniya. Da wadannan bayan su samu, da babbar adadin aiki a kan su nazari da kuma yin amfani da aka buga.

Masana kimiyya da dama karatu da kaddarorin X-haskoki.

J .. dana kunamar rura annabta su electromagnetic yanayi, an tabbatar da gwaje Charles Barkley, wanda kuma ya bude da kuma rabuwa. Jamus lissafin kimiyya Knipping, Friedrich, Laue diffraction saukar (mamaki hade da karkacewa daga rectilinear yaduwa). A 1913, da m daga juna da kuma Bragg Wolfe gano wani sauki dangantaka tsakanin zango, diffraction kwana da nisa tsakanin makwabta atomic jirage a cikin ƙarau. Duk na sama aiki kafa tushen tsarin X-ray analysis. Amfani da a jere domin elemental bincike na kasa ya fara a cikin 20s. A ci gaba da nazari da kuma aikace-aikace na radiation wasa a babban rawa Physico-Technical Institute, wanda aka kafa A. F. Ioffe.

Mafi na kowa tushen katako ne an X-ray tube. Duk da haka, da kafofin iya zama mutum rediyoaktif isotopes. Kamar wancan ne wanda kai tsaye emit X-haskoki, da kuma sauran makaman nukiliya radiation (a-barbashi ko electrons) emitting radiation bombard da karfe manufa. A tube yana da wani ma fi girma radiation tsanani fiye da isotopic kafofin. A lokaci guda, size, cost, nauyi daga isotopic kafofin nisa kasa da tare da shigarwa tube.

Sources na taushi da X-ray iya zama synchrotrons da lantarki tafiyarwa. A tsanani na synchrotron radiation a biyu ko uku umarni na girma mafi girma daga radiation tube a cikin kewayon wannan yanki.

The halitta kafofin, wanda emit X-haskoki hada da rãnã da sauran abubuwa a cikin halittu.

A daidai da tsarin ba da abin da ya faru na watsi a jere kansu iya zama halayyar (mulki) da kuma birki (m).

A karo na biyu idan, X-ray bakan jefarwa da sauri barbashi (cajin) anta zuwa ga hanawa a kan aiwatar da hulda da manufa kwayoyin halitta.

Layin watsi da aka generated a sakamakon atomic ionization da electron ejection daga daya daga cikin bawo na zarra. Wannan sabon abu zai iya zama sakamakon wani karo, da kuma azumi zarra barbashi, misali, tare da wani electron (primary X-haskoki), ko zarra sha na wani photon (haske X-haskoki).

Hulda haskoki da al'amari iya ƙirƙirar wani photoelectric sakamako wanda ke tafiya tare da sha ko masha'a. Wannan sabon abu da aka gano a cikin akwati inda sha na wani photon da zarra fitarda wata na farko da daya daga ciki electrons. Yana iya sa'an nan faruwa ko dai radiative mika mulki tare da watsi da halayyar zarra photon watsi ko ejection na biyu electron a radiationless miƙa mulki.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani X-ray crystal nonmetallic (msl, dutse gishiri) a wasu nodes a cikin atomic raga na ions kafa, da ciwon wani ƙarin tabbatacce cajin, da kuma kusa da su akwai haddi electrons.