White taro (Ak Orda) - daya daga sassa biyu na Golden taro

The Middle Ages - lokacin samuwar yawa kasashe da samuwar su statehood. Wannan tsari ne na hali ba kawai ga kasashen Turai, amma kuma ga Asian. A Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, halitta shi a cikin wani gajeren lokaci, mamaye da Eurasian nahiyar kan ɗari biyu da shekaru.

Bayan ta auka bar da dama a jihar abokai, daya daga wanda - White taro. A post-Mongol lokaci a cikin yankin ƙasar ya mai aiwatar da daidaituwa da nomadic da masu zama a gida kabilu, ta haka ne kwanciya da tushe na zamani Kazakh al'umma.

Rate, kabilar, jihar da ilimi

The kalmar "horde" shi ne saba wa duk daga makaranta. An hade da yawa daga cikin ban mamaki events na Rasha tarihi XIII-XV ƙarni. Na dogon lokaci Rasha shugabannin da aka tilasta su biya haraji ga khans na Golden taro - da Mongol-Tatar jihar, bautar da sararin ƙasa.

Wannan guntu na Genghis Khan ta daular miƙa daga Aral Sea ga Black Sea da kuma Iran da Ural Mountains. mu kawai nufin harkokin ilmi, a Turkic mutane ne mafi sau da yawa da kalmar "taro". Duk da haka, akwai wasu daga da darajar.

Alal misali, a taro - wani taro wuri alaka nomadic da nomadic kabilu da kansu, sojojin ko Khan karo. Bugu da kari, da Rasha harshen Turkic kalma ƙarshe samu wani misali da wani mummunan tinge. Saboda haka, unorganized taron ko malalata jama'a mu sau da yawa kira taro.

Me Gold?

A 1206, wakilan da Mongolian kabilan zabe su kai Temujin. Tun daga nan, shi ya zaba cikin sama lokaci, ya zama da aka sani Genghis Khan. Ga na gaba shekara ashirin, sunansa zai razanar da mutane na Asiya da Turai.

A cewar Mongolian al'ada, a lokacin rayuwa da Genghis Khan raba nasara ƙasashe tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. Babbansu su, Jochi, ya a cikin mallaka daga cikin mafi girma ulus cibiyar a Lower Volga yankin.

Daga baya, yankin zama da aka sani da Golden taro. Gẽfunanta aka ambata a baya, a wannan labarin, karshe ya yanke shawarar bayan da kasashen yammacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Batu, ɗan Jochi, Kanmu da su a 1236-1242 gg.

Akwai da dama shiriritar game da asalin na sunan Zolotaya Orda. Wannan shi ne musamman da tsoho hadisin cewa zuriyar Genghis Khan aka kira " 'yan qasar zinariya".

A daya hannun, Ibn Battuta na da arabic matafiyi ya lura da cewa alfarwansu khans mai rufi faranti na zinariya-plated azurfa. Saboda haka, sosai jama'a da ilimi iya samun sunansa.

Duk da haka, akwai wani na uku jarrabawa cewa Zolotaya Orda bayan rushewar da Mongol daular Genghis Khan ya tsakiya, cewa shi ne, "zinariya", ko da tsakiyar matsayi.

White, da kuma Blue

A na da tarihin Gabas, dating baya zuwa zamanin mulkin 'ya'yan Jochi, sabon sunan: Ak Orda da Kok Orda. A cikin shekaru biyu ƙarni, masana tarihi jayayya a kan terminology da Gwargwadon wuri na wadannan yankin raka'a, da zarar kafa Golden taro.

Don kwanan wata, tare da mafi girma ko karami yiwuwa ana iya bayar da hujjar cewa ikon mallakar aka raba ta da 'ya'yansa maza Jochi taro-Edzhen da Sheibani. Na farko shi ne Irtysh, Bakwai Rivers da kuma steppe yankunan tare da dutsen jeri kuma Ulutau Kentau. Wannan ulus kira Ak (White) taro.

Sheibani gaji Aral steppes, tsakanin koguna Yaik, da ƙananan kai na da Syr Darya. Dukiyarsa da aka kira Kok (Blue) taro. Duk da haka, mun lura cewa da zaran da sabanin tarihi bayanai ne sau da yawa fassara da masana kimiyya a gaban hanya.

Saboda haka, wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa taro ulus Edzhena-kira Sinyaya Orda, yayin da White Sheibani mulki. Ko ta wani hanya, amma da ikon mallakar na karshen a cikin XIV karni da aka a haɗe zuwa ƙasar da ya wana. Daga wannan lokacin wani sabon jihar da ake kira Ak Orda, sun shagaltar da kusan dukan ƙasa na zamani Kazakhstan.

Evidence na Rasha chroniclers

Kamar yadda aka sani, da na da Rus aka hõre maimaita mamayar da Golden taro. A tarihin lokaci zauna ambaci kamar yadda hare-hare kansu, kuma a kan jihohi makwabta. A musamman, suka yi akai-akai samu da sunan Sinyaya Orda.

A tushen daga wanda ya kusantar da hankalin da chroniclers, akwai labarai na Rasha jakadun da suka ziyarci Sarai - babban birnin na Golden taro. Ruwaito su bayanai, ciki har da wani m Gwargwadon data, yayi cikakkar drifts a cikin tarihin.

Abin lura shi ne gaskiya cewa lokaci White taro, kamar yadda tsayayya wa blue, ba a samu a na da tarihin. Zai yiwu ga dalilin cewa da karkararta a lokacin kẽwayesu a kan Rasha mulkoki.

jihar ilimi

Tarihi na White taro samo asali a cikin XIII karni., Lokacin da Jochi Ulus raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza. A Trend zuwa 'yancin kai a cikin mazan Edzhena da zuriyarsa fito kusan nan da nan.

Ga nasu haraji tsarin da aka halitta, a jihar clerks, an kafa akwatin gidan sabis, ya yarda da wani waje ofishin jakadancin, minted tsabar kudi. Duk da haka, cikakken 'yancin kai daga gwamnatin tsakiya ulus Edzhena ne kawai bayan rushewar Golden taro.

A cikin XIV karni na White taro shagaltar da sararin ƙasa daga Irtysh ga Syr Darya kuma daga Tyumen zuwa Karatau. Yana da aka sanaki Turkic-magana kabilu da kuma assimilated zuriyar mangolawa. The hukuma harshen zama Kypchak-Kazakh. A babban birnin kasar, ya Sygnak, ya Khan ta kudi da kuma tushen sojojin.

Matakai na siyasa Development

A general, akwai uku lokaci a cikin tarihi na White taro. A farko rufe shekaru daga 1224 har zuwa 1250, wato, tun da aka kafa ta, da har sai da irin wannan lokaci a matsayin gida shugabanni zauna ƙarƙashin khans na Golden taro.

Na biyu lokaci ne mafi tsawo - 1250 da kuma 1370 shekaru. A wannan lokaci, da White taro ya nemi samun 'yancin kai, tsoma baki a cikin internecine tankiyar da gwamnatin tsakiya. Ƙarshe da ta gudanar da shi a Urus Khan, gaba daya ware su mallakar Golden taro.

A karshe, na uku lokaci (1370-1410 gg.) Alamtacce a faɗuwar rana jihar. A ƙarshen XIV karni Timur, Mai girma Sarkin, da kuma Golden taimake su Khan Tokhtamysh dauka a yawan m kamfen da fadar White taro.

Bone da ciki jayayya raunana mulki daular, abu don makawa auka na jihar. A cikin shekaru 20 na karni XV a kan ƙasa na White taro da aka kafa Abulhairskoe Khanate da Nogai taro.

Jama'a-administrative tsarin da White taro

M ikon a jihar wakilta Khan - zuriyar da taro Edzhena, jikan Genghis Khan. Ya dogara da manyan nomadic Elite - shugabannin kabilu da kuma iyalansu. A na gaba mataki na zaman jama'a sun shagaltar da sarakuna, beys, bai, Bahadur da sauransu. Talakawa makiyaya, ya zaunar da mutane da ake kira "Karash".

A ƙasa na White taro da aka raba fiefdoms, ya jagoranci oglanami. A birane kamar Sauran, Sygnak, Zharkent, Iasy, ɓullo crafts da kuma cinikayya. Ko da yake nomadic dabbõbin yankunan ƙa'ida ci gaba da za a daukarsa a matsayin jama'a dukiya, amma a gaskiya mallakar nobility, wanda ya mallakar babbar shanu.

A ƙasar dangantakar hankali ya fara mamaye mallaka kyauta takardar shaidar form. Feudals samu a matsayin kyauta ne daga khans kasa amincewa da musamman abin yabo, yafi soja. Oglala gwamnonin mulki da bai dace ba birane ko administrative gundumomi a musanya ga} ungiyoyin da kuma soja. A XIV-XV ƙarni, a samu kyauta daga ƙasar fara da za a gaji.

Mark a cikin tarihi na Kazakhstan

Mongol ci na steppe mutane da wasu kyau sakamako. Tun da shi ya shafi samuwar wani Karkasa jihar, kuma ya gyãra, m ga sabon tarihi yanayi.

Bayan rushewar daular da na Genghis Khan Zolotaya Orda (White taro, kamar yadda daya daga sassa) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bunqasar na kabilun inhabiting da ƙasa na zamani Kazakhstan. A gaskiya, wannan shi ne mataki na gaba zuwa ga samuwar Kazakh al'umma.

Hujja da wannan shi ne halittar da kansa jihar. Ba da da ewa sarki Kazakh Khanate (XV karni) da aka kafa bayan rushewar da Ak Orda a da karkararta.