Wa? Ir? Ira da microscope karo na farko

Irin wannan na'ura, kamar madubin, kafin da kuma a cikin zamani duniya ne Popular. Kowannen mu daga makaranta kwanaki ambaci cewa wannan shi ne wani Tantancewar na'urar da cewa shimfida magana a cikin daruruwan ko ma dubban sau. A ilmin halitta aji mu duba wurin eyepiece a sel albasa film da kuma mamaki dodgy da cakuduwa da irin wannan na'urar. Yau, za mu yi kokarin fahimtar suka qirqiro da microscope, tun da ainihin amsar wannan tambaya ba tukuna.

Yadda ya yi da farko microscope

Tantancewar Properties na lankwasa saman da aka gano a shekaru 300 BC. Euclid a treatises yi magana game da gudanar da bincike, bayanin refraction da kuma tunani na haske, sakamakon wata karuwa faru gani abubuwa. Talomi a cikin "kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta", don bayyana halaye na flammable gilashi. Amma yayin da duk wadannan kaddarorin da aka ba amfani. Kuma kawai 'yan ƙarni da suka kasance sunã yi amfani da a yi. Hans Janssen da ɗansa Zakariya gina a 1550, da sosai farko model na na'urar: a daya tube sanya biyu ruwan tabarau, haka samun karuwa da hamsin sau. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin amsoshin wannan tambaya da wanda ƙirƙira m hange. A Galileo a 1610 ya gano cewa, turawa da kawo nesa kusa, sunã ƙirƙirawa, kuma iya kara kananan abubuwa. Shi wannan malamin da kuma an ɗauke matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira farko microscope, kunsha tabbatacce kuma korau ruwan tabarau. Bayan wannan ranar, gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki ya fara girma cikin sauri.

17th karni - a lokacin babban binciken

A wannan karni akwai wani real fasahar zamani, wanda ya zama harsashin mafi zamani kimiyya: ilmin halitta, magani, kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi. grand binciken da kuma mai girma ƙirƙirãwa aka sanya. Kamar a lokacin microscopes muhimmanci inganta da kuma sun zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na kowane bincike. Amma tun da babu wanda gaske bai ce wanda ƙirƙira da microscope, wanda la'akari da shi mahalicci. A cewar daya daga view, mahaliccin rahoto naúrar ne A. Kircher, a 1646 aka bayyana a cikin na'ura a matsayin "mai gwanjo gilashi." Menene kunshi? Shi ne mai girmamãwa gilashi, gyarawa a cikin akai na jan karfe, wanda aka gudanar da mataki. A kasan da aka sanya wani lebur madubi don yin tunãni haske da fadada. Ta wajen da dunƙule za a iya koma da kafa da girman siffar gilashi icon. Wannan na'urar ya zama samfur na zamani haske bincike da madubin likita.

C. Huygens eyepiece tsarin da kuma kara raya da na'urar

Da kafa wannan tsarin ne mai girma mataki a cikin ci gaban microscopes. Ya yiwu ba a colorless image cewa yarda da kara yawan tsabta daga batutuwa. K. Drebel masanin kimiyya a farkon 17th karni aikata wani fili microscope, kunsha na biyu ruwan tabarau: na farko jawabi batun, na biyu - da ido na bincike. A wannan yanayin, da farko yi amfani da gilashi mai biconvex, bada wani inverted kara girman image. Robert Guk a 1661 kammalã da na'urar, kara wani ruwan tabarau. Wannan irin zama mafi mashahuri, kuma mafi model na microscopes zuwa tsakiyar 18th karni. Wani kirkiro - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - kuma lura ba da waɗanda suka qirqiro da hange. A dalilin - ya babban taimako ga ci gaban da bayar da rahoto naúrar. A cikin kayayyakin lokaci, ya goge da ruwan tabarau. Duk da cewa sun kasance gwada kananan, ba da karuwa a cikin daukan hankali - a cikin 350-400 sau.

Sakamako a kan ilimin microscope

Amfani da ruwan tabarau Leeuwenhoek halitta nasa na'urar da soma nazarin da dama abubuwa. Saboda haka, bayan daya kawai kananan siffar zobe ruwan tabarau, ya ga wani digo na ruwa da datti da wani taron na talikan da karami size. Yana da aka kammala da cewa akwai wasu irin microscopic rayuwa. Leeuwenhoek kãma binciken, wanda alama farkon wani sabon kimiyya - ilimin. A 1861, masana kimiyya ya gabatar da samu na Royal Society da kuma samu title of kirkiro na microscope kuma mafi girma Explorer. Sai dai itace cewa ya - wanda ƙirƙira da hange. By yanzu ya bayyana na'urorin sun halartar babban canje-canje. Akwai model cewa ba su yi amfani da hasken da zai samar da wani image, da kuma electron kwarara da kuma lokaci-lokaci a Laser. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da kuma kwamfuta lissafin. A microscope ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci kida a gudanar da bincike a cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta, shi ne a yi amfani da sunadarai da kuma ilmin halitta, da kimiyyar lissafi.

na'urar hange

Idan ka yi mãmãki game wanda ya ƙirƙira na'urar hange, daidai amsar zai zama: Physics na Jami'ar Sheffield. A zuciya na haihuwa na'urar - Hanyar watsa bincike da madubin likita, kunna ka samu ƙuduri na images, iyakance kawai da zango na electron. The zane na watsa na'urar, masu bincike watsi da Magnetic ruwan tabarau, tun da suka kullum saukar da ƙuduri. Ta hanyar da samfurin wuce diffraction na tãguwar ruwa, da kuma ta hanyar kwamfuta bincike na image. Wannan shi ne wani lantarki ptychography. Amfani da kananan zane gyare-gyare da kuma 'yan wasu hanyoyin da za a samar da karshe image, masana kimiyya sun iya kara da ƙuduri sau biyar a kan wani data kasance na'urar.

A manufa na mataki na wani na'urar hange

Yanzu shi ne ba da muhimmanci wanda ya ƙirƙira farko hange. Yanzu guje da show mabanbanta, fiye da iko na'urorin, ciki har da lantarki. Bisa ga ka'idar aikin ne kama da haske. Kawai a cikin su maimakon haske juyi ta hanyar da samfurin gwada electrons, kuma maganadiso ake amfani maimakon gilashin ruwan tabarau. Amma an eroded saboda aberrations muhimmi a cikin Magnetic ruwan tabarau. Masana kimiyya sun gano hanyar mayar da image. Wannan yarda da maganadiso na cire daga kewaye da daidai da, murdiya.

Wa? Ir? Ira shi ne hasken microscope? A kadan tarihi

Mene ne wani Tantancewar microscope? Wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje tsarin tsara don nuna images of kananan abubuwa a cikin kara girman view ga manufar binciken, review, kuma m aikace-aikace. Mun fara mu labarin da tarihi na ci gaba da microscope, amma yanzu dubi batun daga hayin. A halin yanzu, irin wannan na'urar ne dole ba kawai ga likitoci da masana kimiyyar. Ba tare da ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin zamani high fasahar da na yanzu bukatun don sarrafa taro da kuma ingancin kayayyakin.

Gaya mana game da daya rabo. A 2006, Jamus da masana kimiyya Mariano Bossi kuma Stefan Jahannama ɓullo da nanoscope - nauyi wajibi Tantancewar microscope, wanda ba ka damar gano abubuwa supermalenkogo size of 10 nm, da kuma ma sama da mafi ingancin na 3D-image.

A takaice game da yiwuwa na zamani na'urorin

Mu ne kadan gane da tambaya na ke ƙirƙira farko hange. Yanzu, kawai kamar wata magana game da yiwuwa na zamani na'urorin. A 2010, wani Isra'ila Yeshiva University, ya zo da labari cewa masana kimiyya sun iya lura da yadda mutum kwayoyin matsawa a cikin cell. A daidai wannan lokaci Jamus masu bincike sun kama kwayoyin canji a cikin shakka daga sinadaran halayen. Kuma a shekarar da ta shige a cikin Kharkov PTI samu bayyananne hoto na wani mutum zarra. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa a halin yanzu haske microscopes ake kamawa up a kan su lantarki damar.