Unicellular fungi da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin yanayi

Celled kwayoyin zama da aka sani ga mutum kawai tare da zuwan na girmamãwa na'urorin. Yau, duk da haka, da suka - tushen kayyade nazarin for jari na msar tambayar abu a kan batutuwa masu yawa Biochemistry, ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu, itatuwa aure. Akwai daban-daban guda-celled kwayoyin. Namomin kaza - daya daga cikinsu. Ba duk, ba shakka, amma quite a mahimmin juzu'in. Wannan talifin zai dubi abin da wakilan ne a cikin category na sauki fungi da kuma abin da dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye da suka mallaka.

Fungi ne unicellular da kwayar: general halaye

Daga cikin dukkan biyar mulkokin yanayi namomin kaza - mafi m. The abu ne cewa, domin sanin taxonomic matsayi na shuka ko dabba ne quite sauki. Kwayoyin cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta quite daban shirya, don haka tare da su a duk kurakurai ba zai iya zama.

Kuma kawai namomin kaza - wadannan ne hadaddun kwayoyin da cewa suna da na dogon lokaci ba ya kamãta da kõwa musamman mulkin. Da farko aka mai da su shuke-shuke, kamar bã tãre da chlorophyll. More kwanan nan karatu sun nuna cewa a rushewar su kayayyakin dauke da urea, a cell bango hada fi mayar da chitin. A wannan yanayin, external narkewa, da kuma da yawa enzymes kama da cewa samar da jikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Wadannan cututtuka su ne a fili magana game da fungi na ga dabba. Bugu da kari, shi ya zama sananne cewa unicellular fungi Division slime kyawon tsayuwa (slime) zai iya motsa a cikin shugabanci na abinci da haske a karkashin wani yanayi. Wannan ya tabbatar da sake cewa a wadannan kwayoyin da dabbobi raba magabata.

Duk wannan ya kai ga cewa da namomin kaza da aka dangana wa mai raba daula yanayi. A na kowa alama a gare su ganewa ne:

• multicore gaban unicellular ko kwayar mycelium.
• hyphae - bakin ciki filaments m saƙa kafa fruiting jiki da kuma mycelium.
• heterotrophic hanyar cin abinci.
• chitin a cikin cell bango.
• urea a cikin abun da ke ciki na abubuwa lalata kayayyakin.
• rashin plastids.
• haifuwa ta hanyar spores.

Total yau akwai game da 250 dubu jinsunan wadannan kwayoyin. Mafi yawansu - daya-celled fungi.

Nau'in unicellular fungi

Tare da irin bambancin da akwai bukatar a rarrabuwa. Saboda haka, da kuma shi aka systematized duk guda-celled fungi, misalai na wanda za a iya rage idan mun yi la'akari da cikakken rarrabuwa.

Single shi yau bai wanzu ba, don haka marubuta daban-daban ba wannan. Saboda haka, bayar da 4 babban kungiyoyin.

1. Deuteromycetes - kuma ake kira ajizai fungi. Ba su da jima'i haifuwa hanya. Wakilai sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, da yawa jinsunan Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - hadaddun guda-celled fungi, da mycelium wanda aka wakilta dogon branched Tsarin dauke da mahara tsakiya. Wakilai olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy da sauransu. Mai ne na cikin ruwa ko Semi-na cikin ruwa salon, kasancewa parasites na marine da ruwa tare da shuke-shuke da dabbobi.
3. Zygomycetes - hankula unicellular fungi, wasu wakilan da mycelium tare da 'yan rauni katangu. Wakilai Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy da sauransu. Daga cikin su akwai mazaunan cikin ƙasa, kuma mutum parasites, dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke.
4. Ascomycetes - mafi kwayar, amma akwai ma guda-celled fungi. Misalai: yisti, morels, truffles, Lines, da kuma sauran Parmelee. Yana samu da sunan ga tsarin fasali na muhawara, wanda ake kira ascospores. Wasu wakilan ceases a lokacin rayuwa da ikon jima'i haifuwa, kuma suna classified a Deuteromycetes, cewa shi ne ajizai fungi.

Kowane sashi na da peculiarities da halaye, da kuma kawai more iri sosai bambancin. An ban sha'awa hanyar rayuwa, yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da daraja. Bugu da kari, namomin kaza taka muhimmiyar rawa muhalli a yanayi.

Features na tsarin da kuma hanya ta rayuwa

Kafin amsa wannan tambaya: "Ka kwatanta da rawar da unicellular fungi a cikin yanayi", ya kamata la'akari da su musamman tsari da kuma salon rayuwa. Bayan duk, shi ne daga wannan, kuma zai dogara ne a kan abin da darajar za su yi da kewaye kwayoyin, ciki har da wadanda ga mutane.

Saboda haka, tsarin fasali na unicellular fungi.

1. Mycelium ko ba ci gaba a dukkan, ko sosai rauni. Yana za a iya wakilta wani Multi-core ko guda cell da daya tsakiya.
2. Sake bugun yawanci asexual, ko da yake ga mutane da yawa halayyar da jima'i tsari.
3. A cikin ruwa wakilan kafa zoospores (chytridiomycota), wanda motsa yardar kaina a cikin ruwa, ta hanyar flagella. A ascomycetes musamman gawarwakin spore bags a cikin abin da balagagge ascospores. Adadin su bai wuce takwas guda.
4. Wasu ƙasa Zygomycetes samar mycorrhiza da itacen asalinsu.
5. Ajizai fungi shiga cikin symbiosis da kwayoyin cuta, da samar da lafiya Kombucha.

A general, tsarin da kusan dukan fungi, kazalika da ciki sifar tantanin halitta ne kusan m. Ba kome, mafi girma ya ko ajizai. Saboda haka, tushen da rarrabuwa ne ko da yaushe babban alama - Hanyar haifuwa.

Features salon:

1. Mafiya yawa - obligate da facultative parasites.
2. Mutane da yawa sun saba da rayuwa a cikin ruwa, ko kuma gona.
3. Wasu wakilan fitarda yawa enzymes da yanayi, don ya shirya wa kansu abinci. Har ma ba tare da ciwon branched mycelium, wasu kwayoyin nuna bakin ciki rhizoids, wanda aka haɗe zuwa substrate, da kuma kama (sha) da abinci.
4. Daga cikin Zygomycetes da musamman wakilan - zoopagalisy. Yana samu da sunan ga wani predatory salon. Su ansu rubuce-rubucen m hyphae larvae na kwari, nematodes da sauran protozoa, da kuma ci su, digesting da waje.
5. A kan aiwatar da rayuwa, da yawa wakilan (musamman yisti) ne iya samar da muhimmanci da kwayoyi, enzymes, muhimmanci sinadaran mahadi.

Gane kowa siffofin duk da salon yana da wahala, saboda yawan jinsunan ne ma manyan. Saboda haka shi ne mafi alhẽri zauna a kan mafi m da muhimmanci ga wani mutum.

A tsari na haifuwa

Mun riga tãtacce cewa babban alama da kwayoyin a cikin tambaya - shi ne hanyar procreation. Sake bugun daga unicellular fungi za a iya za'ayi a hanyoyi uku:

• jima'i.
• vegetatively.
• asexually.

Ka yi la'akari da abin da zabin a more daki-daki.

1. Sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, ya shafi samuwar spores cikin sporangia musamman tsarin. Saboda haka, misali, aka motsi chytrid zoospores, yayin da ascomycete - ascospores na ciki asalin.
2. Vegetative for single-celled budding ya shafi wakilan. Wannan shi ne, daya cell da toho zama mai zaman kanta. Wannan shi ne yanayin da yisti, wanda ake kullum dauke su biyu guda-celled fungi.
3. A jima'i tsari na faruwa daban a jinsuna daban. Duk da haka, duk uku zažužžukan suna samuwa: heterogamy, oogamy da isogamy. A cikin wani hali, jigon ya ta'allaka ne a Fusion na gametes samar da wata zygote. Mafi sau da yawa, an rufe tare da wani m harsashi, da kuma a Jihar sauran wani lõkaci. Bayan wannan fara da nunawa mycelium da kuma tsiro da sabon jiki. Ko da a cikin hali na kasancewar kwayar wakilan da namiji da mace sassa na tambaya. Just nuna gaban "+" da "-" gefe na mycelium, wanda ci ta samar da dikaryons.

Hakika, akwai kuma siffofi da cewa taimako wajen gano wasu members. Duk da haka, da sauran yaduwa juna unicellular fungi wato wadanda aka bayyana a sama.

Penicillium kuma da halaye

Abin da penicillium - guda-celled naman gwari, ba za mu iya ce. The abu ne cewa, ya nasa ne a aji na wakilan kyawon tsayuwa, mafi yawan abin da su cikin sauki na kungiyar. Saboda haka sau da yawa, kuma ya aka yaba da irin wannan fasali. Duk da haka, da penicillium, da kuma kusa da aboki, Aspergillus - shi ne mariƙin na wani kwayar sashe mycelium.

Wannan naman kaza aka gano ta Ernest Duchesne a 1897. Shi ne ya yi farko kusantar da hankali ga hanya a Arabia amfani da wani bakon greenish patina domin warkar da raunuka na dawakai ne. Nazarin tsarin, da saurayi (da Duchenne ne kawai shekaru 23 da haihuwa) zo ga ƙarshe cewa wannan jiki - shi ne mai naman gwari, wanda yana da antibacterial Properties, kamar yadda zai iya halakar eysherihiyu idan - daya daga cikin mafi pernicious kuma pathogenic kwayoyin.

Na dogon lokaci domin ta bude wani daya saurari. A shekarar 1949, Fleming ya tabbatar da antiseptic da antibacterial Properties na naman gwari, da kuma abin yabo na Duchenne aka gane, ko kawai bayan karshen ta mutuwa.

Babban bangaren da aka yi amfani da sarrafa daga wani medicament penicillin - wani kwayoyin samar a lokacin rayuwa da kwayoyin.

kyawon tsayuwa

Idan amsar wannan tambaya: "Ka kwatanta da rawar da unicellular fungi a cikin yanayi," sa'an nan ba za mu iya ce game da wasu wakilan mold. Bayan duk, mafi yawansu ba su zauna a ƙasa, ba shi da wani grayish ko bluish tinge a cikin nau'i na plaque. A daidai wannan lokaci da bazuwar daga matattu kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, a cikin yanayin da naman gwari taka rawar da jinya.

da muhimmanci sosai ga wani mutum ana da wadannan wakilan:

• Aspergillus.
• penicillium.
• "Manzon Allah Sallallahu rot".
• "Manzon Allah Sallallahu rot".

Dukan su - aiki mahalarta a kan aiwatar da shiri na rare da kuma dadi cuku, giya, abinci Additives, maganin rigakafi, da kuma sauran m abubuwa.

Mucor

A mafi hankula wakilin kwayoyin a cikin tambaya - Mucor. Unicellular naman gwari cewa shi ne babban isa sashe mycelium kafa tare da daya kawai cell. Partitions a gare shi. Yana nufin da kyawon tsayuwa sashen Zygomycetes.

Kira amfani, wannan naman gwari ne wuya, domin da babban rabo - a spoilage kuma samuwar yawa mucormycosis. Duk da haka, wasu har yanzu amfani da mutum domin yin "Sin yisti". Wannan shi ne na musamman yisti, abin da hidima ga shirye-shiryen na wani abinci. Alal misali, soya cuku. Wasu jinsunan Mucor ne tushen enzymes da kuma rigakafi.

A kan tushen da bayanai da kuma kayayyakin na fungi mallaka kafa Fluffy shafi na m, kuma m, ne a fili rarrabe ga tsirara ido.

yisti

Domin unicellular fungi hada da irin wakilin kamar yisti naman gwari. Duk da haka, wadannan kwayoyin kamata a daukarsa a matsayin na biyu guda-celled, saboda sun rayu mnogopochkuyuschimisya mazauna. A mycelium na kowane wakilin unicellular, ba tare da partitions. Amma da kusa co-wanzuwar mahara siffofin sa daya tunanin kwayar kwayoyin.

A general, yisti - sosai amfani namomin kaza. Ba duk, ba shakka, amma da yawa daga cikinsu. Saboda haka, mutane sun yi amfani da su tun lokacin da burodi, da ruwan inabi samar da zamanin] aular. Wani 6 da dubu. Years BC. e. wadannan ana amfani da Misira, a ko'ina.

Bread gasa da yistin haihuwa sharan. Wannan ya haifar da degeneration na al'adu, ta zama a sarari, kuma genetically uniform. To, a yau akwai "dutse" yisti da aka ba a halitta da juyin halitta a cikin yanayi da kuma ne sakamakon ayyukan mutane.

An ban sha'awa alama da yisti ne cewa su ne facultative parasites. Wannan shi ne, a gaban oxygen zuwa gare su numfashi da yardar kaina, sakewa da carbon dioxide. Amma kuma a karkashin anaerobic yanayi ba a rasa, oxidizing sugars (fermentation).

Daban-daban na yisti iya handling da m substrate. Wasu iya kawai ferment sauki sugars, hexoses. Amma akwai wadanda cewa suna bi ba kawai carbohydrates, amma kuma sunadarai, lipids, carboxylic acid.

Human muhimmanci wadanda kayayyakin da cewa an saki a sakamakon m aiki na fungi data. wato:

• diacetyl.
• isoamyl barasa.
• fusel man.
• dimethyl sulfide, da sauransu.

A hade daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da kayyade ingancin kayayyakin. Wannan ne kai tsaye nuna a cikin ta organoleptic Properties.

Parasitic unicellular fungi wakilan

Daga cikin mafi hadarin parasites ne guda-celled wadanda cewa sa fungal cututtuka a jikin mutane da dabbobi, kazalika da dama mold da rot a tsire-tsire.

1. Trichophyton da mikrosporum - biyu jinsin da zai haddasa tsanani fata cututtuka a cikin mutane.
2. Fungi na HALITTAR Candida - Candidiasis hanyar cuta.
3. Dermatophytes - fungi da zai haddasa ciwo da ƙusa farantin - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - sa daban-daban lichens a kan sassa na jiki.
5. Black naman gwari Hari Yanã da cutar, wanda bayyana kanta tare da baki faci a cikin harshen mutumin da dabbobi.
6. Phytophthora - wani hatsari naman gwari cewa infects shuka, kuma Yanã da samuwar baki rot a cikin tushen da kuma ganye.

Kuma wannan shi ne wani m jerin wadanda wakilan da suka kasance pathogenic, cutarwa da kuma musamman m zuwa kiwon lafiya da kuma amfanin gona.

Rawar da guda-celled fungi a cikin yanayi

Idan ka fuskantar da kalubale da irin wannan shirin: "Ka kwatanta da rawar da guda-celled fungi," abu na farko da ya zama don gano duk guda abũbuwan amfãni. Mun riga mun ambata yawa daga gare su:

• amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.
• da abinci.
• Ana amfani da shiri na noma abinci.
• Su na halitta decomposers kwayoyin halitta, wato, masu aikin jinya da sauransu.

Amma kuma ya kamata mu ka manta game da disadvantages, wanda akwai yalwa. Bayan duk, mafi yawan unicellular fungi - parasitic kwayoyin.