Business, Noma
Turke size shanu a cikin lazimta tabbatarwa
Duk wani dabba na bukatar wa kansa wasu sirri sarari. Shanu ba togiya. A babbar masana'antu hadaddun domin samar da naman sa da kuma madara a cikin irin wannan wuri ne mai turke. Girman stalls ga shanu, inda ta ciyarwa mafi yawansu ta lokaci, wani gagarumin sakamako a kan adadin samar da madara da kuma nama samar.
abun ciki Hanyar
A domestication na shanu sanya mutum ya yi tunani game da dabbobi a zaman talala. Kalmar "content" tana nufin totality of dukan jerin ayyukan zoohygienic dabbobi da kuma tsafta, zoo-fasaha, ƙungiya yanayi. Suna ƙaddara da fasaha na wani sha'anin da ake da nufin samun matsakaicin na dabba da kayayyakin da high quality.
A zabi na da hanyar da sabis ciki shafi tattalin arziki da kuma yanayin damina, musamman kidaya da jima'i kungiyoyin dabbobi. Core kawai biyu: Sako kuma tethered. Bi da bi, su ma ya kasu kashi da dama iri da kuma amfani da batun shugabanci na jinsin dabbobi:
- domin kiwo shanu breeds hade amfani turke, turken shanu-makiyaya ciki.
- Cow nama - makiyaya, turke-makiyaya da kuma stabling tsarin.
A cikin Rasha Federation, 97,5% na jimlar yawan - a cikin lazimta tabbatarwa. More m sako-sako da-dauke Hanyar. Wurare da dama a nazarin ya nuna cewa aiki yawan aiki, a gonaki da sako-sako da-hanya 2-ninka mafi girma.
turke
Samar da wani dadi yanayi saniya rai da aka kai tsaye alaka da adadin samu daga ta kayayyakin. Daura bukatar dace ciki tsari na sito, kuma daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci wurare a shi - a barga domin shanu. Girma dogara kai tsaye a kan dabba irin, su size.
A gaskiya, a turke - wani musamman masu garu na sirri sarari ga mutum daya. A yadda shi ne dadi ga saniya rayuwa dogara ba kawai a kan madara yawan amfanin ƙasa, ko a kullum riba, amma kuma, tsawon lokacin da m amfani da dabba.
Features stalls ga shanu
Duk da sauki daga cikin zane, da developers ya tuna ba kawai yawan girman da stalls ga shanu a view of ta size, amma kuma a matsayin dabba samun sama da ke. Yalwa da dakin irin horar da samar da kafaffen binciken mutane a turke, ya rage samu rauni.
Don samun wata dabba a cire shugaban gaba. Rashin sarari take kaiwa zuwa rashin jin daɗi da kuma rauni. Girma stalls ga shanu Daura la'akari da yankunan uku:
- daga gwiwoyi da wutsiya - game da 160-180 cm, da sarari ga jiki.
- tamanin da kai - game da 50 cm a lokacin da dabba ne.
- ƙarin dakin rawar daji, shi ne har yanzu 50 cm.
Wadannan girma iya bambanta, duk ya dogara da irin da shekaru da kuma jinsi kungiyoyin. Alal misali, suna a fili mafi girma ga zurfin ciki shanu. Bulls a lazimta tabbatarwa fattening ma na bukatar karin sarari.
tsawon
Girman turke ga shanu (tethered nau'in abun ciki) a tsawon iya zama uku zaɓuɓɓuka:
- Long kara kudin da manual aiki to tsaftacewa da taki. A turke ne sosai wuya a ci gaba da tsabta, kuma wannan, bi da bi, muhimmanci rinjayar ingancin da madara. Tsoma bakin tsawon take kaiwa zuwa kasa aiki amfani da masana'antu sarari.
- Average (har zuwa 1.9-2 m, a tsawon) ne mafi yawan amfani a cikin lazimta Content shanu. Su samar da zama dole 'yanci da dabbobi a lokacin da a tsaye, kada ku cũce wata gabar jiki.
- Short (110-140 cm) ne impractical da dabba aminci ra'ayi. Iya slide kashe da Hind wata gabar jiki, abu don sprains, damuwa da kuma cututtuka na hooves. A kayan aiki raya kasa turke sanduna (60-70 cm) domin kau da tumbi iya nono cuta da ta inji lalacewa.
nisa
Nisa - wannan shi ne wani nuna alama cewa kayyade girman da stalls ga shanu. Shi ne ba kasa da daya mita for adult dabbobi. Domin rearing (a karkashin 20 months), da canja m nisa - 80 cm.
Hakika, a kowane hali a lokacin shiri na sito da aka lasafta bisa ga jinsin dabbobi. Dole daukan la'akari da shugabanci na iya aiki kuma na daban-daban jima'i da shekaru kungiyoyin: kiwo shanu, da dabbobi, zurfin ciki, fattening bijimai.
turke kayan aiki
Lokacin da lazimta abun ciki na dabbobi ne kullum a cikin stalls. Suna sanye take da feeders, atomatik mãsu shã a kan tushen da: daya sha tasa domin biyu shanu.
Tethered na'urar kama da dabbobi ba tare da damun su da 'yanci don samun up, je zuwa gado, samun abinci da kuma ji dadin mashayin. Leash iya zama mutum da kungiyar.
Tare da wannan hanya da abun ciki turke a tsakanin mutane ba za a iya raba. Lissafi na yankin samar daga kafa norms a daya kai da cewa taimaka wajen tsara wuraren zama ga wani musamman stock. Wasan Zorro, idan wani, Ya sanya daga bututu. A zane ba ka damar canza girman da turke, dangane da dabba ta size.
Paul
Kullum bene yanki da kai a kan sayar da gonaki daga jeri 1.7 zuwa 2.3 m 2. A cewar wannan data da aka lasafta girman stalls ga shanu. Features bene yi ta'allaka ne da cewa da yawa nuna bambanci iya cuta wata gabar jiki shanu. M hali iya sa zubar da ciki. Shawarar dan tudu - 0 to 2.
A bene na iya zama ko dai m, ko partially (40 cm) rufe raga. Don rage rauni shi rufe da roba ko katako faranti. Lokacin lazimta tabbatarwa yawanci katako benaye. Suna da kyau kiyaye dumi, ba wuya, tare da dace amfani kawai don ci gaba da tsabta.
Allon dole ta shirya sarrafa 10% bayani daga creosote mai, sa'an nan biyu mai rufi da zafi guduro. A na sama na katakan (a kan wanda zai tsaya dabbobi) a hankali pare saukar da rufe svezhegashenoy lemun tsami. A benaye ana kiyaye kwanaki goma, bayan da sun kasance a shirye domin aiki.
Duk da dukan predostorozhosti, katako bene ba fiye da shekaru 2-3. Itace garwaya da ba kawai da fitsari, amma kuma flushing ruwa ne mai wuya a disinfect, kuma a cikin yanayi na high zafi sito rot ta hanyar da sauri.
nagartacce
Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma da Abinci na Rasha Federation ci gaba da amince wa da saniya turke size. Standards NTP 1-99 aka nuna a tebur.
kungiyoyin na dabbobi | cinikayya Company | kiwo stock | ||
Nisa (cm) | Length (cm) | Nisa (cm) | Length (cm) | |
Milking, bushe shanu | 100-120 | 170-190 | 120 | 180-200 |
zurfin ciki | 120-150 | 200 | 120-150 | 200 |
calved | 120 | 200 | 120 | 200 |
Sires | - | - | 150 | 200 |
Dabbobi don fattening | 90-100 | 170 | - | - |
Gyara shãnu 15-20 watanni | 80-90 | 150-170 | 80-90 | 150-170 |
Gyara shãnu girmi watanni 20 | 100 | 170 | 100 | 170 |
A lokacin shiri na kowane gini da shanu da stabling kayan aiki taro dole la'akari ba kawai shugabanci na gonaki (kiwo, nama, a hade), amma kuma asali dabbobi. Girman turke ga shanu a kan dokokin ɓullo da kasashen waje masana, aka bayyana kamar haka:
- nisa ya kamata ta kasance ƙasa da tsawon na jiki, ta tara da wani factor na 0.75, kuma ba fiye da biyu Musulunci a da nisa daga cikin mutum kafadu.
- tsawon shi ne 95% na tsawon na dabba jiki da karin 20 cm (da suka samar da wani aminci nesa, kuma ku bauta wa kare gaban kafafunsa daga bugawa gefen ƙullunku).
A lokaci guda ba za mu iya watsi da irin musamman shanu. Wadannan tebur takaita girma da kuma turke frame Tsarin dangane da girman da saniya.
size na dabba | turke | A tsawo daga cikin shãmaki | A gaban bango na ƙullunku | |||
live nauyi | FTC * | nisa | tsawon | kaikaice | agara | |
450 kg | 139-143 cm | 105 cm | 140 cm | 75 cm | 118 cm | 16 cm |
451-500 kg | 142-147 cm | 105 cm | 145 cm | 75 cm | 122 cm | 18 cm |
501-550 kg | 146-152 cm | 110 cm | 150 cm | 80 cm | 125 cm | 20 cm |
551-600 kg | 152-160 cm | 110 cm | 155 cm | 85 cm | 127 cm | 22 cm |
601-650 kg | 157-163 cm | 120 cm | 160 cm | 90 cm | 130cm | 24 cm |
651-700 kg | 160-168 cm | 120 cm | 165 cm | 90 cm | 133 cm | 26 cm |
* Length na jiki.
Turke ga shanu gida
Girman turke ga shanu a cikin zubar a kan wani sirri fili yawanci lasafta daga zoohygenic da'awar, a cikin abin da misali shugaban 1 ya kamata a kalla 6 m 2 na kasa surface. A dakin kanta ga abun ciki na mutum daya kada ta kasance kasa da 18 m 2, shi ake bukata zoohygienic da kuma tsafta norms.
A ciki layout na iya zama daban-daban da kuma dogara a kan jeri na turke. ga talakawan size bukatun:
- tsawon - 1.7 m.
- nisa - 1.1 mita.
Tools Version ƙullunku nisa turke tsawon - 1.1 m, da nisa a saman - 80 cm, kasa - har zuwa 45 cm tsawo waje dutsen ado -. 70 cm, ciki - 30 cm, a tsakiyar shi yin wani cutout na wuyansa.
Jinsi sa a dumi, impermeable zuwa ruwa, tare da wani dan tudu 2-3 cm kuma dole sama da ƙasa matakin. A raya na ƙullunku sanye take taki nisa na 20 cm da zurfin 10 cm tare da wasu slant zuwa ga amfani da shadda. Don yin shi sauki cire taki kan fita kududdufai yanka ta bango a wani karamin akwatin sanye take da wani sakata.
Bukatun ga stalls
Madara samarwa a masana'antu sikelin bai rasa ta munasaba. Inganta da kuma zamanintar da kayan aiki sa shi yiwuwa a kara fitarwa. Fasaha da bukatun ga stalls a lazimta tabbatarwa:
- m kam na dabba a kan milking ko ciyar;
- ƙuntata da motsi na shanu waje a turke.
- bayar da free shigarwa da kuma mafita.
- turke size saniya kamata damar free ka tashi ka ga dabba a cikin wani mike matsayi ya kamata a sanya a kan ta fannin duk hudu wata gabar jiki da kage sanya kwance a cikinta.
- free samun abinci da kuma ruwa.
- sauki da kuma sauri kam ko saki da mutum kungiyoyin dabbobi a lokaci guda.
- ma'aikata aminci a lokacin tabbatarwa.
- minimizing manual aiki.
Kamar yadda bincike, a saniya a wani m akwatin shi ne har zuwa 14 hours a rana, da kuma a cikin wani m - daina 9. Kowane awa, kwance qara madara yawan amfanin ƙasa da 1 lita a rana - to 5. na al'umma, shi ne mai imbin adadi da ikon kara madara samarwa ba tare da wata babbar kudi zuba jari.
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