Tsarin mutum DNA

A wanzuwar rayuwa al'amarin saboda gaban nucleic acid. F. Miescher farko ware wadannan abubuwa daga leukocyte nuclei (1869). Daga baya suka samu a duk Kwayoyin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (mutane, da dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta).

Nucleic acid - prostatic kungiyar nucleoproteins. A hydrolysis da nucleic acid samu nitrogenous sansanonin (adenine, saitosin, Bibyun, uracil da kuma taimain), pentoses (deoxyribose, ribose), da kuma acid phosphate. Ganin biochemical abun da ke ciki, nucleic acid kasu deoxyribonucleic (DNA) da kuma ribonucleic acid (RNA). The mutum DNA tsarin hada deoxyribose, a RNA - ribose. Wadannan acid da ya bambanta a kwayoyin tsarin, abun da ke ciki nitrogenous kwasfanta, salon salula sarrafawa, kuma ba shakka, ayyuka. Biosoedineniya kwayoyin wanda kunshi wani purine ko pyrimidine tushe da kuma monosaccharides (ribose ko deoxyribose), da ake kira nucleosides. Title nucleoside m nitrogenous tushe, wanda yake kunshe cikinta. Saboda haka, a nucleoside da ya hada da a cikin ta tsarin adenine kwayoyin da aka kira adenosine, taimain - thymidine, uracil - uridine, saitosin - cytidine, Bibyun - guanosine. Dangane monosaccharides (pentoses) cewa wani bangare ne na kwayoyin rarrabe ribonucleosides da deoxyribonucleosides.

Human DNA - da sinadaran akai kwayoyin halitta, a cikin abin da kwayoyin bayanai na kwayoyin da aka mayar da hankali. Sarrafa yafi a cikin nuclei na sel, zai fi dacewa a cikin chromosomes. A lokacin hydrolysis na DNA nucleotides suna kafa: dezoksiadenilovaya (A) dezoksiguanilovaya (T) dezoksitsitidilovaya (U) da kuma thymidylic (T) acid. Wani lokaci nucleotides aka gano a cikin abun da ke ciki a kananan yawa wasu Kalam na purines da pyrimidines - da qananan tushe: 5-oksimetiltsitozin (a bacteriophages), 5-methylcytosine (a cikin tsokoki na thymus), da sauransu. Nucleotides suna da alaka a polynucleotide sarkar (DNA) oxygen gadoji kafa saboda hydroxyl - saura na acid phosphate na daya nucleotide da hydroxyl kungiyar a na uku carbon na biyu saura na deoxyribose nucleotide zarra.

A nucleotide jerin masauki jigidar halittar DNA adam binciken da jerawa (Engl seguence -. A binciken da na bi da bi). Domin wannan dalili, da sequencer na'urar da ke bisa kwamfuta bincike na nucleotide jerin sa jeri (har zuwa ɗaya da ɗari raka'a).

Yawan nucleotides a DNA din ne adam ne 25 000 - 35 000 ko fiye, kuma da kwayoyin nauyi na -. Daga 'yan miliyan 2-5 biliyan DNA din ya iya "gani" a cikin na'urar hange. A cikakkar adadin da hudu iri nucleotides (A, G, C, kuma T) a cikin DNA din na daban-daban asalin bambanta a wide jeri.

A farko tsarin da DNA

Crick da kuma D. Watson a 1953, kafa da cewa deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin ne biyu Helix polynucleotide sarƙoƙi, swirling a kusa da axis. Karkace kama wani karkace bene, wanda dogo kafa deoxyribose sharan juna phosphorus-ether shaidu na irin 3 - 5, da kuma matakai - nitrogen sansanonin. Adenine an haɗa da hydrogen shaidu da kuma taimain, Bibyun - da saitosin. Kanfigareshan deoxyribonucleic acid iya matsa kuma miƙa. Wannan ne DNA sakandare tsarin. Wasu bacteriophages samu aya, kwayoyin DNA. Domin deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin halayyar sakandare da kuma manyan tsarin, wanda aka kafa ta taro biyu stranded kuma madauwari siffofin DNA tare da m samuwar spiralizirovannyh superspiralizirovannyh da kuma Tsarin.