The sabon abu na refraction haske - shi ... The dokar refraction haske

The sabon abu na refraction haske - shi ne mai halitta sabon abu da ya auku kowane lokaci da kalaman na tafiya daga daya abu zuwa wani, a cikinsa ta gudu dabam. Gani, wannan ya nuna cewa canza shugabanci na yaduwa.

Physics: refraction haske

Idan lamarin katako ta sãmi dubawa tsakanin biyu kafofin watsa labarai a wani kwana na 90 °, sa'an nan kome zai faru, shi ci gaba da matsawa a cikin shugabanci a wata dama kwana zuwa dubawa. Idan kwana na abin da ya faru daban-daban daga 90 °, Refractive abu ya faru. Wannan misali samar m effects irin su bayyana karaya abu partially niyyar baftisma cikin ruwa ko ƙũra gani a zafi hamada yashi.

Tarihi na samu

A arni na farko BC. e. Greek geographer da falakin Talomi kokarin da shifran bayyana refraction, amma dokar samarwa da shi daga baya ya juya ga zama unreliable. A XVII karni. Dutch lissafi WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS ɓullo da dokar, wanda kayyade adadin alaka da rabo daga abin da ya faru da kuma refracted kusassari, wanda aka daga baya suna da index of refraction abu. A gaskiya ma, cikin mafi abu ne iya refract haske, da hakan da kudi. Fensir a cikin ruwa "karya" saboda tahowa daga gare shi, canza hanya a cikin iska-ruwa dubawa kafin kai da ido. Don da cizon yatsa na Snell, ya bai gudanar ya gano dalilin wannan sakamako.

A 1678, wani masanin kimiyya Dutch Christiaan Huygens ɓullo da wani ilmin lissafi da dangantaka da ya bayyana lura Snell da kuma nuna cewa sabon abu na refraction haske - shi ne sakamakon mai sãɓãnin gudun a da katako ya wuce ta biyu yanayin. Huygens m cewa hali kusassari da haske ta hanyar wucewa biyu kayan da daban-daban fihirisa na refraction dole ne daidai da rabo daga ta gudu a cikin kowane abu. Saboda haka, shi ne tsara cewa a cikin matsakaici da ciwon mafi girma Refractive index, hasken motsa more sannu a hankali. A wasu kalmomin, gudun haske ta cikin abu ne inversely na gwargwado ga Refractive index. Kodayake doka ta aka baya tabbatar da gwaje, domin da yawa masu bincike, a cikin lokaci shi ne, ba a bayyane yake, t. Don. Babu abin dogara wajen na aunawa da gudun haske. Masana kimiyya zaton cewa shi ba ya dogara ne a kan gudun da kayan. Kawai 150 bayan shekara Huygens 'gudun haske mutuwa aka auna da isasshen daidaito, da gaskatashi, shi dama.

Cikakkar index of refraction

Cikakkar Refractive index n na m kaya ko wani abu aka bayyana a matsayin zumunta gudun a wadda haske wuce therethrough dangi da gudu a vacuo: n = c / v, inda c - gudu haske a injin, da kuma v - a littattafai.

Babu shakka, refraction haske a wani wuri, bã tãre da wani abu ne ba a nan, kuma akwai wani cikakken adadi 1. Domin wasu m kayan wannan darajar ne mafi girma daga 1. refraction haske a cikin iska za a iya amfani da yin lissafi da ba a sani ba sigogi kayan (1.0003).

Snell ta dokar

Mun gabatar da wasu fassarorin:

• da ya faru da katako - wani katako da cewa yana kusa da rabuwa matsakaici.
• sauke batu - rabuwa batu a wadda ta fada.
• da refracted ray barin rabuwa kafofin watsa labarai.
• al'ada - wani layin kõma perpendicular zuwa rabuwa a batu na abin da ya faru.
• kwana na abin da ya faru - da kwana tsakanin al'ada da kuma abin da ya faru masaƙa.
• ƙayyade Refractive kwana iya zama a matsayin kwana tsakanin refracted ray da kuma al'ada.

Bisa ga dokokin na refraction:

1. Da ya faru, da refracted ray da kuma al'ada ne a cikin wannan jirgin sama.
2. A rabo daga sines na kusassari da abin da ya faru da kuma refraction ne rabo na refraction coefficients na farko da na biyu matsakaici: zunubi i / zunubi r = n r / n i.

A dokar refraction haske (Snell) ya bayyana dangantaka tsakanin kusassari na biyu taguwar ruwa da kuma fihirisa na refraction na biyu kafofin watsa labarai. Idan tãguwar ruwa, ya wuce daga kasa Refractive matsakaici (msl iska) a Refractive (msl, ruwa), ta gudu saukad. Conversely, idan haske ya wuce daga ruwa a cikin iska, gudun ƙaruwa. A kwana na abin da ya faru ga na farko matsakaici dangi zuwa ga al'ada kwana na refraction da kuma na biyu zai bambanta gwargwado ga bambanci a Refractive index tsakanin biyu kayan. Idan wani kalaman wuce daga wani matsakaici da low coefficient na wani matsakaici tare da wani mafi girma, shi bends zuwa al'ada. Kuma idan akasin haka, za a cire.

A zumunta Refractive index

Light refraction dokar nuna cewa rabo na ba tare da abin da ya faru da kuma refracted kusassari daidai akai cewa shi ne rabo daga cikin velocities haske a cikin biyu kafofin watsa labarai.

_{zunubi i / zunubi r = n r} / n i = (c / v r) / (c / v i) = v i / v r

Relationship n _r / n _i ne ake kira dangi index of refraction domin wadannan abubuwa.

A yawan mamaki da cewa su ne sakamakon refraction sau da yawa gani a rayuwar yau da kullum. A sakamakon "karye" fensir - daya daga cikin mafi kowa. Idanu da kuma kwakwalwa bi haskoki da baya a cikin ruwa, kamar dai sũ ba refracted, kuma ya fito daga cikin abu a mike line, da samar da wani mai rumfa image da ya bayyana a wani karami zurfin.

watsawa

Hankali ma'aunai nuna cewa refraction na hasken zango watsi ko launi da babban tasiri. A wasu kalmomin, wani abu na da yawa Refractive index wanda zai iya bambanta da canji na launi ko zango.

Irin wannan canji faruwa a duk m kafofin watsa labarai da ake kira watsawa. A mataki na watsawa na musamman kayan dogara a kan yadda za a Refractive index dabam tare da zango. Tare da kara zango zama kasa pronounced sabon abu na refraction haske. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa purple refract fiye da ja, saboda ta zango ne ya fi guntu. Saboda watsawa a cikin saba gilashin auku a san tsagawa haske zuwa da aka gyara.

fadada daga cikin haske

A ƙarshen XVII karni, Sir Isaak Nyuton gudanar da wani jerin gwaje-gwajen da ya kai wa samu na bayyane bakan, kuma ya nuna cewa fari haske kunshi wani umurni da tsararru na launuka jere daga m ta hanyar blue, kore, yellow, orange da kuma ja karewa. Aiki a wani daki mai duhu, Newton sanya gilashin Prism cikin kunkuntar katako ratsa ta wani rami a taga shutters. Lokacin da wucewa ta Prism ne refracted haske - gilashin zuwa Project shi a kan wani allo a wani umurni da bakan.

Newton ƙarasa da cewa fari haske ne cakuda launi daban-daban, da kuma cewa Prism "scatters" da fari haske, refracting kowane launi daga wani daban-daban kwana. Newton zai ba raba launuka da wucewa da su ta hanyar wani na biyu Prism. Amma a lokacin da ya sa na biyu Prism ne sosai a kusa da farko, don haka da cewa dukkan launuka tarwatsa kuma ya shiga na biyu Prism, da masu bincike gano cewa, da launuka suna recombined sake ta samar da fari haske. Wannan samu rinjawarwa tabbatar da abun da ke ciki na haske wanda za a iya saukin rarrabu kuma alaka.

watsawa sabon abu taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wani babban yawan daban-daban mamaki. Rainbow ne sakamakon da refraction haske a saukad da na ruwan sama, da yin wani m gaban na bazuwar, kama da cewa abin da ya auku a cikin Prism.

A m kwana da kuma total ciki gani

Lokacin da wucewa ta hanyar wani matsakaici tare da wata babbar index of refraction a wani matsakaici da ƙananan motsi hanyar taguwar ruwa ta ayyana ta da kwana na abin da ya faru game da rabuwa da biyu kayan. Idan kwana na abin da ya faru ya wuce wani daraja (dangane da index of refraction na biyu kayan), shi ya kai wani batu inda haske ba refracted a cikin matsakaici da ƙananan index.

M (ko da iyaka) da kwana ayyana a matsayin kwana na abin da ya faru, sakamakon a kwana na refraction na 90 °. A wasu kalmomin, a matsayin kwana na abin da ya faru kasa da m refraction auku, kuma idan ta ne daidai da shi, da refracted katako zarce cikin sarari raba biyu kayan. Idan kwana na abin da ya faru ya wuce m, hasken da aka nuna da baya. Wannan sabon abu ne da aka sani a matsayin total ciki gani. Misalan ta yin amfani - Diamonds da na gani zaruruwa. A yanke lu'u-lu'u inganta total ciki gani. Mafi yawa daga cikin haskoki shigar ta cikin saman da lu'u-lu'u, za a nuna har sai da suka isa babba surface. Wannan shi ne abin da ya bada Diamonds su kyalkyali. A Tantancewar fiber ne gilashin "gashi", ne don haka bakin ciki cewa a lokacin da haske shiga cikin daya karshen, shi ba zai iya tserewa. Kuma kawai a lokacin da katako ta kai wasu karshen, ya za su iya barin fiber.

Fahimci da kuma sarrafa

Tantancewar na'urorin, jere daga microscopes kuma nesa ga kyamarori, video projectors, kuma ko da dan Adam ido iya dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa haske za a iya mayar da hankali, refracted da kuma nuna.

Refraction samar da fadi da kewayon mamaki, ciki har da ya wanzu .Saboda, Rainbows, Tantancewar komai bane illa kawayeniya. Saboda da refraction na wani lokacin farin ciki-walled gilashin giya alama ya zama mafi complete, da kuma rana ta faɗi for 'yan mintoci daga baya fiye da shi a zahiri ne. Miliyoyin mutane amfani da Refractive ikon zuwa gyara wahayi lahani da taimakon tabarau ko lamba ruwan tabarau. By fahimtar wadannan kaddarorin na haske da kuma management, za mu iya ganin cikakken bayani ganuwa zuwa ido tsirara, ko da kuwa ko da suka kasance a kan microscope nunin ko a wani m galaxy.