The kalubale ga shawarar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Dabarbari ga tattalin arzikin saduwa da kalubale

Yau za mu koyi don warware matsaloli daban-daban a cikin tattalin arziki daga daban-daban da masana'antu. The kayan za su zama da amfani ga waɗanda suka yi kawai fara zuwa karatu tattalin arziki (har ma da wadanda suke kawai sha'awar shi), kuma mutane da suka riga ya san yadda za a warware matsalolin da kuma yi shi da kyau. Bayan duk, horo ne ba da yawa, da kuma maimaitawa - uwar koyo. Amma kafin show, da yadda za a warware wannan ko da matsala shi ne a cikin tattalin arziki, za su gaya yadda shi duka ya fara.

labarin

Akwai dukan kimiyya, da ake kira "Tattalin tarihi". Yana nazarin yadda huldar cinikaiya tsakanin mutane sun canza a kan lokaci da kuma yadda wannan kimiyya ya zama abin da muka gani da shi a yanzu. Idan ka yi tunani game da shi, shi ya zama na fili da cewa tattalin arzikin kimiyya tun zamanin da ke kewaye da mu. Alal misali, ko da a cikin m al'umma akwai abin da ake kira "barter" - wato, mutane sun canza dũkiyõyinsu zuwa wani ba tare da yin amfani da kudi. A hankali akwai wani tsabar kudi m, buga da zinariya. Har yanzu, kasashen da dama ana kiyasta reserves na zinariya m. Da farko, zinariya da sauran daraja karafa, dimbin yawa a cikin ingots, amma sai a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma zamanin d Roma fara minting tsabar kudi. Tsabar kudi na dogon lokaci zuwa kashi zinariya, da azurfa, da na tagulla. A karshen mu zo da kudin da cewa suna ganin yanzu.

irin matsalolin da

Bari mu bincika iri mun yanzu, sa'an nan misalai da kuma warware matsaloli a kan tattalin arziki, da amsoshin wanda za a iya samu a karshen cikin labarin. Don fara da za mu fahimta, abin da iri da matsaloli ne. Suna bambanta da masana'antu, a kowanne daga abin da ta dabara yin lissafi. Bambanta da tattalin arzikin da sha'anin, aiki da tattalin arziki, da tattalin arziki statistics, macro- da microeconomics. Bari mu magana a bit game da duk wadannan masana'antu.

Don fara Bari mu bincika wannan fannin, kamar yadda da tattalin arzikin da kungiyar. Matsaloli tare da mafita za ka iya samun kasa.

Business tattalin arziki

Wannan sashe ne a hankali related to Macro kuma microeconomics. Business tattalin arziki da karatunsa tsarin, musamman ma samar da sake zagayowar, da samuwar gyarawa dukiya da kuma aiki babban birnin kasar, masu tasowa, da dabarun domin samar da sauran management na kungiyar shirya. Manufar wannan bangaren shi ne a cimma matsakaicin riba a m kudin, kazalika da ingantawa da samar da ayyuka. Business tattalin arziki ma karatu da ayyukan kamfanin da kuma matsayinsu a cikin kasuwar, bincika hanyoyin da za a kara da dattako albashi. Ya kamata a haifa tuna lokacin da warware matsaloli a kan wannan topic.

A gaskiya, babu wani abu da wuya a gane yadda tattalin arzikin aiki kungiyar. Matsaloli tare da mafita, ta hanyar, za ka iya samun kadan m.

aiki tattalin arziki

Za mu iya cewa wannan yanki shi ne tsarin cikin tsari na baya daya, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Labor tattalin arziki na nazarin aiki kasuwa, an nazarin hulda da ma'aikata da kuma daukar ma'aikata. Wannan ne ma, ba shakka, wani muhimmin ɓangare na kimiyya da ya kamata a yi karatu. Labor tattalin arziki na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sha'anin management. Bayan duk, ba tare da ma'aikata bazai samar da dukiya.

tattalin arziki statistics

Wannan sashe hulda da nazarin ilimin kididdiga data da kuma tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai. A msar tambayar ɓangare na statistics dogara ne a kan tattalin arziki da ka'idar da na nazarin matakai a wani yankin da taimakon da ke cikin dokokinsa. An nasaba, da tattalin arziki da bincike da kuma zamantakewa da alƙaluma statistics.

macroeconomics

A batu na nazarin macroeconomics ne manyan tattalin arziki al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma abubuwan da suka faru. An tsara su bincika, kuma gane alamu a Manuniya kamar jimlar kasa samun kudin shiga, da matakin na farashin da kuma aikin yi. A gaskiya, shi hadawa da finer matakai kuma ya bi da su a cikin general. Saboda haka, a wasu sassan for matsalar warwarewa iya amfani macroeconomic m.

microeconomics

Microeconomic bincike za a iya gani a matsayin wani kayan aiki da taimaka wajen bayyana yadda za a yi administrative tattalin arziki yanke shawara a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci matakin. Idan Macroeconomics nazarin mafita a matakin qarshe, misali, a jihar matakin, shi izni bincike na microeconomics a matakin wani kamfanin.

Dabarbari ga Tattalin Arziki

Don warware matsalolin, muna bukatar wasu msar tambayar ilmi da dabarbari. Za mu iya raba su da masana'antu da aikace-aikace, da kuma fara da sha'anin tattalin arziki. Bari mu fara da riba nuna alama. Yana nuna yadda za a nasaba da juna da kuma talakawan riba na sha'anin darajar gyarawa dukiya. Shifran, wannan za a iya bayyana a matsayin: R = P / SSG. Amsar da muke samu a kasarun adadi na wani naúrar, kuma idan muna so mu samu wani kaso na riba, shi wajibi ne ninka sakamakon darajar da 100%. Har ila yau, la'akari da irin dalilai kamar babban birnin yawan aiki (Fotd) Fondoomkost (Fomk) da kuma Fondovooruzhonnost (Fvoor). Su lissafi ne kuma ba wuya: Fotd = N / SSG, inda N - ƙara da tallace-tallace; Fomk = 1 / Fotd. Fvoor = SSG / Chrab inda "Chrab" - da yawan ma'aikata (da talakawan).

A da yawa dabarbari, consistently bayyana SSG - da talakawan shekara-shekara kudin na aiki babban birnin kasar. Yadda yin lissafi da shi? Akwai wani mai sauqi qwarai dabara: CN = SSG + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (M-12) / 12. Bari mu bincika abin da kowane musamman darajar. "C" - shi ne na farko kudin na aiki babban birnin kasar, "SS" - da darajar da kadarori shiga, "World Cup" - da yawan watanni shiga aiki na gyarawa dukiya a wannan shekarar, "Goodies" - da tsiyacewa darajar. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu ya dauki amfani da Sauki dabara na watan ban da asali nufin: SSG = (CGS-Kish) / 2. Kish nan - ba Commonwealth of Independent States, da darajar da tsayayyen dukiya a farkon shekara da kuma SCG - da bi, a shekara-karshen.

Har ila yau, za mu bukatar wani lissafi na shekara-shekara depreciation. Yana da aka lasafta ta da dabara: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Depreciation kudi kuma za a iya lasafta daga biyu dabarbari: H = _Deprec (PST - LST): (AP · PST) a cikinsa PST - na farko da darajar da dukiya, LST - saura darajar, An - amortization lokaci. Wani dabara aka lasafta ta yin amfani da rayuwar wani tsayayyen kadara: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100%.

More look at cikin dabara da zai zama da amfani a gare mu mu warware matsaloli a cikin aiki tattalin arziki. A dabara domin kayyade girman da aiki yawan mutane a karshen kowane lokaci (dauki, misali, a shekara) ne kamar haka: H = H _{karshen farkon} + H ₁ -H ₂ - B _3. W nan _farkon - yawan ma'aikata a farkon shekara. B ₁ - da yawan mutanen da suka shiga cikin aiki shekaru. Part ₂ - da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin. Part ₃ - The yawan ritaya aiki-shekaru yawan jama'a. Akwai kuma wani dabara ga shekara-shekara samar na ma'aikacin: A _god.rab. = A _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab. Inda a _chas.rab. - Development of wani ma'aikaci a kowace awa (monetary raka'a / mutum-hour.). t - duration na rana (hour). T - yawan kwanaki a kowace shekara na aikin yi; A _v.rab. - da rabo daga ma'aikata a total ma'aikata.

misalai na ayyuka

Ka yi la'akari da matsalar tattalin arziki da sha'anin tare da mafita. Saboda haka, matsalar yawan 1: Ƙayyade da talakawan shekara-shekara tamanin gyarawa dukiya ta hanyar data bayar. Data ga mafita:

a farkon shekara tamanin 15 000 dubu rubles ..

The kudin na shiga OS: Maris - 200 dubu rubles ..

Yuni - 150 dubu rubles ..

Agusta - 250 dubu rubles ..

Cost na ritaya OS: Fabrairu - 100 dubu rubles ..

Oktoba - 300 dubu rubles ..

Magani: A dabara ga tattalin arzikin saduwa da kalubalen mu da amfani. Muna sa ran RESS: (C -C _{ng kg)} / 2. Tare da _ng = 15 000 dubu rubles .; _Don C _g = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 dubu ..

Sa'an nan CCV = (15000 + 15200) / 2 = 15 100 dubu. Rubles. Duk da haka, za mu ba su samu sosai m sakamakon, tun IO OS ya kasance m ko'ina cikin shekara. Bari lissafi RESS farko dabara: SSG = CN + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (12-M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 175 dubu. rubles.

Bari mu matsa zuwa wani aiki. Kasa shi ne kalubale ga shawarar da sha'anin tattalin arziki, da kuma shi ne kishin da lissafi na depreciation.
Task №2:

A farko kudin wasu wurare kamar yadda na Janairu 1 ya daidaita 160 dubu rubles, da kuma ainihin aiki - .. shekaru 3.

Da ake bukata domin lissafi da saura darajar da depreciation kudi ga wannan ranar, bayar da cewa depreciation aka caje mike-line Hanyar. A sabis rai na gyarawa dukiya da aka dauke su 10 shekara.

bayani:

sa factor - da adadin depreciation ga dukan lokaci (watau, 3 years). Saboda haka, cushioning lissafi mikakke hanya: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Nemo depreciation rate: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Sa'an nan A = 160 * 10/100 = 16 dubu. Rubles. Kamar yadda muka yi la'akari da adadin depreciation ga kowace shekara guda, da lalacewa kudi a kan shekaru uku ne, sunã daidaita: H = 3 * 16 = 48 dubu rubles ..

Labor tattalin arziki: kalubale ga yanke shawara

Bari mu matsa zuwa wani sashe. Mun riga tattauna matsalar tattalin arzikin da sha'anin, tare da warware matsalolin da ba za ka iya karanta a sama. Kuma yanzu yana da lokaci domin aiki. Kuma na farko aiki tare da yanke shawara a kan tattalin arzikin, wanda za mu duba, zai magance aiki shekaru yawan jama'a.

Task №1:

Lissafta yawan iya-bodied yawan mutane a ƙarshen shekara, idan akwai bayanai don na yanzu shekara:

• da yawan aiki-shekaru yawan mutane a farkon na shekara - 60 mutane miliyan...
• da yawan matattu mutane a cikin aiki-shekaru yawan - 0.25 mutane miliyan...
• yawan matasa suka kai wannan shekara na aiki shekaru - miliyan 2.5 mutane...
• da yawan mutane da suka yi ritaya wannan shekara - mutane miliyan 1.5 ..

Rarrabẽwa. Saboda haka, mu yi amfani da dabara, mun bayyana a sama - CH = CH _{saman karshen} + H ₁ -H ₂ - H = 60 + ₃ 2.5 - 0.25 - 1.5 = 60,750,000 mutane ..

A general, wannan shi ne dukan matsala tare da yanke shawara a kan aiki tattalin arziki. Yanzu Bari mu bincika matsala tare da wani shekara-shekara fitarwa.

Task №2: Ƙayyade da shekara-shekara fitarwa na da ma'aikaci.

Sama mun tattauna dabara domin warware wannan matsala. Yanzu yana da lokaci zuwa amfani da shi: A cikin _god.rab. = A _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab.

Mun sami duk da darajar da oda. Tasowa da aiki hour aka saki game da babban fitarwa yawan mutumin-hours, Ina nufin A _chas.rab. = 3800 / 908,6 = 4,2. Don gano da talakawan lokaci na rana, muna bukatar mu raba da adadin mutum-sa'o'i da lambar mutum-kwana. Sa'an nan t = 908,6 / 117 = 7,8 hours. Yanzu dole mu nemo coefficient na T, wanda yake da tsawon da aiki shekara da aka lasafta a matsayin rabo na ciyar dubban mutum-kwana da adadin ma'aikata. Don gano yawan "workaholic", muna bukatar mu kara da rabonsu a cikin jimlar yawan ma'aikata. Bayan haka, yana da sauki a rubuta da dabara: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0,824) = 244,8 kwanaki.

Yanzu muna kawai bukatar musanya abin da dabi'u a cikin dabara. Mun samu: A _god.rab. = 4,2 * 7,8 * 244,8 * 0,824 = 6608,2 den.edin. / Mutumin.

Abin da kuma?

Mutane da yawa za su mamaki: shi ne wannan da dukan iri-iri na tattalin arziki da matsaloli? Wannan haka m? A gaskiya, babu. Kamar mafi yawan matsaloli sa wadannan yankunan tattalin arziki: tattalin arziki na samarwa, a da bayani na matsalolin mu dubi a cikin farkon, da kuma aiki da tattalin arziki. Akwai da yawa sauran masana'antu, amma kamar yadda irin wannan babu rikitarwa dabarbari, kuma sau da yawa sosai ko da Azancin yiwu a yi amfani da daya ko wani ilmin lissafi dokar. Duk da haka, kowa da kowa zai amfana daga karanta ayyuka a cikin tattalin arzikin da shawarar. Ga dalibai, shi yana da muhimmanci musamman a matsayin damar ganin bayani ƙwarai facilitates fahimtar matsalar da kuma sadarwa mafi alhẽri ga mutum ta ainihi.

Abin da kuma zai iya karanta ko poreshat a dama ga mafi fahimtar da topic? Nagari poreshat aiki na tarin Revenko NF na sha'anin tattalin arziki. Kuma zai zama mai kyau don karanta more musamman littattafai a kan wani musamman jigo.

ƙarshe

Tattalin arzikin - wani sosai da haihuwa da kuma muhimmanci kimiyya, da kuma ga mutane da yawa ƙarni shi ya tafi hannu da hannu da ilimin lissafi. Its dokokin damar riga crises, canje-canje a cikin halin da ake ciki a kasar da kuma kama. Idan mutum yana da ilmi na tattalin arziki, shi ne mai wuya don bace a sau da rikicin ko a gida kudi bala'i. Idan su inganta ilmi, suna iya amfana a rayuwa da kuma zai taimaka wajen inganta kyau da kudi alheri. Hakika, muna dauke ne kawai misalai na warware matsaloli a kan tattalin arziki, kuma shi ba ya nufin cewa real matsaloli za su yi kama da wannan. Duk abin da rayuwa ne yawanci mafi rikitarwa, kuma m. Saboda haka, idan kana so ka ko da yaushe zama a saman, sa'an nan matsalar ne tare da shawarar da tattalin arzikin zai taimake ku ba sosai. Fiye da muhimmanci ya zama mai kaifin.