The iyali na hatsi: halayyar fasali na 'ya'yan, da wakilan

Don kwanan wata, akwai fiye da 350.000 jinsunan shuke-shuke. Daga cikin wadannan Monocotyledones aji asusun for game da 60,000 jinsunan. Bugu da ƙari, wannan aji ya hada biyu da mafi tartsatsi a kan ƙasa na mazauninsu da tattalin arziki muhimmanci na iyali:

• Lily.
• iyali na hatsi ko bluegrass.

Žara koyo game da iyali na hatsi.

taxonomy machineries

Place a cikin kwayoyin duniya tsarin na wannan iyali ya dauki wadannan:

- Mulkin Tsire-tsire.

- Subkingdom kwayar.

- Class of Monocotyledons.

- The iyali na hatsi.

Dukkan mambobi na wannan iyali suna hade a 900 kowacce haihuwa. A total number of wakilan game da 11,000 jinsunan. Tsire-tsire na iyali Gramineae faruwa biyu makiyayar da kuma al'adu da ciwon mai noma muhimmancin.

Yanayi na ci gaba da rarraba

Hatsi iyali bautar wani sosai m mazauninsu saboda ta unpretentiousness, da danshi da kuma fari (ba duk iri). Saboda haka, zamu iya cewa sun rufe wani kusan dukan ƙasar fãce Antarctica da kankara-rufe yankunan.

Yana bada dama ga fahimtar cewa shuke-shuke na iyali Gramineae ne sosai unpretentious ga girma yanayi. Saboda haka, misali, wakilan makiyaya ciyawa (Timothawus, bluegrass, bluegrass, gõnaki, wuta, da dai sauransu) ya zare jure m yanayin hunturu da kuma zafi na bazara.

Horar da daya shuka (hatsin rai, hatsi, alkama, shinkafa) su ne riga mafi wuya, duk da haka, kuma suna iya zuwa fuskanci wani fairly manyan mawadãta hawa da sauka a cikin iska zazzabi.

Don hasken rana ne guda tsaka tsaki, kusan duk wakilan da ya hada da iyali na hatsi. Wakilai daga grasslands, steppes, pampas, Savannah - saba wa rigors na shuke-shuke da kuma kiwo a gida jinsunan an hõre m kula da magani daga mutum, don haka ma jin dadi sã'õ'in low haske.

Janar halaye na iyali

Hatsi iyali hada da duka shekara-shekara da kuma biennial da perennial shuke-shuke sau da yawa. Outwardly, su ayan zama irin wannan, kamar yadda suke da irin wannan tsarin da kara da kuma ganye. A kara ma yana da jinsin siffofin daga tushe na sauran shuke-shuke - shi ne gaba daya babu komai a ciki, kuma shi ne mai m tube, ya kira culms.

A manyan yawan wakilan da iyali bayyana muhimmancin da tattalin arziki shirin: wasu shuke-shuke suna amfani da fodder, wasu don aiki da hatsi da sitaci, da sauransu ga mai gina jiki, da kuma a karo na hudu a kan ado dalilai.

morphological siffofin

External (morphological) ãyõyin iyali hatsi za a iya bayyana ta a 'yan maki.

1. Kara culm (sai dai masara da kuma kara), m ciki.
2. To bayyana internodes a kan tushe.
3. Wasu wakilan da kara a rayuwa don odrevesnevaet (bamboo).
4. Bar sauki, sessile, tare da pronounced farji, rufe da kara.
5. Takardar fom elongated venation layi daya.
6. Location of takardar faranti na gaba.
7. A tushen tsarin ne fibrous type, wani lokacin karkashin kasa rhizomes sāke harbe.

Wadannan cututtuka da dukkan mambobi kafa da iyali na hatsi.

fure dabara

A flowering shuke-shuke da wannan iyali shi ne quite unremarkable, kamar yadda yiwuwa ga kai-pollination ko giciye-pollination. Saboda haka, kafa wata babbar mai haske da kuma m furanni shi ya sa hankalta. Su furanni ne kananan, kodadde, quite inconspicuous. Sai suka tattara a inflorescences daban-daban:

• fili karu (alkama).
• COB (masara).
• panicle (gashin tsuntsu).

A furanni ne duk da wannan, da dabara ne flower na iyali Gramineae ne kamar haka: + TSCH2 PL2 + T3 + P1. Ina CN - fure Sikeli, PL - fina-finan T - stamens, P - da pistil.

Formula flower iyali machineries bada bayyananne ra'ayin homeliness daga wadannan shuke-shuke a cikin flowering zamani, sabili da haka amfani da ado dalilai ba furanni, da kuma ganye da kuma mai tushe.

'ya'yan

Bayan flowering kafa furotin-arziki da kuma sitaci 'ya'yan. Daidai ne a duk wakilan, mambobi ne na iyali na hatsi. A 'ya'yan itace da aka kira wani weevil. Lalle ne, mafi yawan mutane nisa daga ilmin halitta, da kalmar "hatsi" san kansa, kuma shi ake dangantawa da hatsi amfanin gona, da ake kira hatsi.

Duk da haka, ba kawai da horar da shuke-shuke hatsi iyali da 'ya'yan itace, amma kuma da makiyaya. A hatsi ne mai arziki a cikin bitamin, Alkama, furotin, sitaci.

wakilan machineries

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, duk, akwai game da 11,000 shuke-shuke, ya kafa wani iyali na hatsi. Wakilainsu ake samu tsakanin daji da kuma horar da shuka iri.

Wild wakilan:

• Timothawus.
• urchin.
• wuta.
• gashin tsuntsu.
• wheatgrass.
• bamboo.
• wheatgrass.
• fescue.
• daji hatsi.
• foxtail da sauransu.

Mai wakilan daji machineries - shi ne mazaunan steppes, Meadows, gandun daji da kuma savannas.

Horar da shuke-shuke da yin sama da iyali na hatsi, da 'ya'yan itace na irin ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban muhalli da yanayi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, don samun mai kyau ingancin hatsi, da yawa daga cikin wakilan da machineries juya a cikin wani gida na al'ada, wanda aka za'ayi domin kula dace. Wadannan sun hada da:

• shinkafa.
• hatsin rai;
• alkama.
• rake.
• hatsi.
• gero.
• sha'ir.
• dawa.
• masara da sauransu.

Horar da tsire-tsire masu al'amurran tattalin arziki muhimmanci ga wadatar abinci a ko'ina cikin kasar.

Annuals

Domin shekara-shekara shuke-shuke akwai waɗanda ke hawa dukan rai sake zagayowar a daya girma kakar. Wannan shi ne duk da asali tafiyar matakai na rayuwa - girma, flowering, haifuwa, da kuma mutuwa - ana suya a guda kakar.

Ga guda shekara-shekara shuka na iyali Gramineae buga da wuya. Su ne ainihin quite mai yawa. Ka yi la'akari da 'yan daga cikin na kowa da da kasuwanci darajar.

1. Sorghum. A shuka daga cikin HALITTAR Sorghum ne mai hatsi da amfanin gona daidai da hatsin rai, alkama da sauransu.
2. Durra ko Dzhugarra. Har ila yau fodder shuka da ciwon mafi girma baza a kudancin sassa na Duniya. Ba kawai amfani da matsayin hatsi da amfanin gona, amma kamar yadda hay da silage ga abincin dabbobi.
3. Koster. Tartsatsi shuka na iyali Gramineae, wanda sau da yawa ya amince kuma daukarsa a matsayin sako. Ya ke tsiro a wani gona, undemanding don zafi da danshi, iya yi na dogon lokaci ba tare da hasken rana. An kawai amfani da abincin dabbobi, ta tattalin arziki ba kome.
4. Masara. Daya daga cikin na kowa noma amfanin gona a kasashe da dama. Daga cikin samu masara mai, gari, hatsi da kansu mori kai tsaye Boiled.
5. Foxtail. Herbaceous shuka na biyu an shekara-shekara da kuma wani perennial siffofin. Babban darajar - da samuwar ciyawa cover a fadamun (ambaliyar). Ana amfani da a ciyar da dabbobi.
6. Tsoro. Ta Kudu aikin gona shekara-shekara amfanin gona da ake girma ba kawai ga abincin dabbobi, amma kuma a matsayin abinci shuka ga m hatsi. Thermophilic da photophilous ba girma a kan ƙasa na Rasha.
7. Bluegrass. Akwai da dama jinsunan wannan HALITTAR, amma sun kasance duk daji ko makiyaya ciyawa, wanda da kasuwanci darajar a matsayin abincin dabbobi.
8. Gero. Yana hada da wani iri-iri iri. Daga cikin dukkan iri a Rasha kawai 6 jinsunan, wasu daga wanda ake amfani da shi na ado dalilai. A bangare na biyu da ake amfani da su samar da gina jiki hatsi ga abincin dabbobi.

Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana

Mai tsire-tsire ne perennial iyali. Wancan ne, su rai sake zagayowar da aka yi sama da dama yanayi (girma yanayi). Sun iya tsira m yanayin hunturu lokaci ba tare da asarar viability. Da yawa daga cikinsu ta samar da wata iyali na hatsi. Halaye na wadannan tsire-tsire ne sosai m. Ka yi la'akari da wasu, mafi muhimmanci a cikin sharuddan na tattalin arziki da wakilan.

1. Alkama. Mafi na kowa daga yankin sun shagaltar da duniya ta amfanin gona, wanda mai daraja ta gina jiki hatsi abubuwa.
2. Wheatgrass. Mutane da yawa sun san shi a matsayin pernicious sako. Duk da haka, wannan ba ta kawai darajar. Wannan inji ne mai muhimmanci da abinci source for abincin dabbobi.
3. Siffa Very muhimmanci da amfanin gona, alkama ba na baya a darajar da sinadirai masu darajar hatsi. An horar da a cikin Eastern sassa na duniya.
4. Hatsin rai. Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri hatsi bayan alkama da shinkafa. A manyan yawan wadannan shuke-shuke suna girma a Rasha. Da sinadirai masu darajar hatsi a wani babban matakin.
5. Rake. Ya haifuwa - Indiya, Brazil da kuma Cuba. Babban sinadirai masu darajar wannan al'ada - wannan samar da sukari.

shũka machineries

Domin noma amfanin gona shuke-shuke da wannan iyali sun hada da, a cikin Baya ga sama, fiye da dawa. Wannan inji yana da dukan matakai ne na hatsi iyali, kuma ma ya mallaka m hatsi. A kasar mu, sorghum an girma ba, saboda yana da matukar zafi-m shuke-shuke. Duk da haka, a Afirka, Australia, South America ne mai matukar muhimmanci da abinci da amfanin gona.

Hatsi sorghum milled cikin gari da kuma kara da ganye je ciyar da dabbobinsu. Bugu da kari, daga ganye da kuma mai tushe nuna furniture, saƙa mai kyau ciki.

Sha'ir kuma za a iya dangana ga gagarumin s / amfanin gona. Wannan inji ba ya bukatar yanayi na musamman ga ci gaban, don haka sauƙi horar da a kasashen da dama. Babban darajar da hatsi da ke shiga zamanin] aular, samun lu'u-lu'u sha'ir da sha'ir groats, kuma ake amfani da su a ciyar da dabbobi.

Har ila yau, sha'ir infusions suna da muhimmanci a cikin maganin gargajiya da kuma jama'a (yana nufin daga hanta da kuma gastrointestinal fili).

Da sinadirai masu darajar hatsi hatsi

Me ake da shi saboda haka muhimmanci da kuma yadu m hatsi wakilan da ke cikin iyali na hatsi? Halayyar hatsi tsarin taimaka wajen fahimtar da shi.

Da fari dai, duk da hatsi hatsi dauke da gina jiki, kamar lambar daga cikin wakilan a daban-daban jeri. A mafi abun ciki na gina jiki Alkama na alkama iri suna dauke.

Abu na biyu, hatsi hatsi dauke da sitaci, ya kuma inganta shi da isasshen sinadirai masu darajar da suna iya samar da gari.

Abu na uku, irin wannan al'ada, kamar shinkafa, ya ƙunshi mai yawa bitamin daban-daban na kungiyoyi, wanda ya sa ya fi amfani.

Babu shakka cewa cikakken amfani da hatsi SUPPLiES jiki tare da wani sa na duk kullum bukatu jamiái. Wannan ya sa su ne don haka rare a duk faɗin duniya.