Takaici na Chernobyl: halaye da haddasawa

Ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2016, dukan duniya ta haskaka kyandir kuma sun tuna da mummunan masifar da ta raba labarin kafin da kuma bayan: shekaru 30 na mummunan bala'in Chernobyl. Afrilu 26 shine ranar da mutane a duniyar duniya suka koyi yadda ma'aunin "zaman lafiya" zai iya nunawa. Kusan dukkan kasashen Turai sun ji sakamakon da fashewa a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka.

Black kwanan wata

Tashin hankali na Chernobyl - fashewa da lalacewa na rukuni na hudu na nukiliya - ya faru ne a tashar wutar lantarki na Chernobyl. A fashewa ya faru a daren 26 ga watan Afrilu 1986 shekara a 01:24. A cikin mutuwar dare a cikin gari dukan mazauna barci, kuma babu wanda ake zaton cewa wannan rana zai canza rayukan dubban mutane.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, a kowace shekara a kan yankuna na tsohon Soviet Republican, an yi bikin tunawa da ƙungiyar Chernobyl a matsayin mafi muni da babbar hatsari a masana'antun makamashin nukiliya.

Brief bayanin da ChNPP

Wani mummunan bala'i na Chernobyl ya faru ne a cibiyar kare wutar lantarki ta kasar (ChNPP) dake yankin ƙasar Ukrainian SSR (yanzu Ukraine), kimanin kilomita uku daga birnin Pripyat da kimanin kilomita dari daga Kiev, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Ukrainian SSR da Ukraine. A lokacin haɗari, kimanin mutane dubu 50 ne suka zauna a Pripyat, kuma mafi yawansu sun yi aiki a wata wutar lantarki ta wutar lantarki da ta ba da kusan dukkanin garin.

A ranar da bala'i ke da wutar lantarki guda hudu da aka gudanar a tashar, wani rashin aiki wanda daya daga cikinsu ya haddasa hadarin. An gina wasu wutar lantarki guda biyu kuma an ba da izini a kwanan nan.

Ƙungiyar tashar wutar lantarki na Chernobyl ta kasance mai ƙarfi da ta ba da 1/10 duk bukatun da ke cikin wutar lantarki na Ukrainian SSR.

Mutuwar ƙungiyar ta huɗu

Tashin hankali na Chernobyl ya faru a shekara ta 1986. Ya faru ne a ranar Asabar, Afrilu 26, a ƙasa na dare na biyu. A sakamakon wani fashewa mai karfi, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na huɗu ya ƙare kuma ba a sake gyarawa ba. A cikin sannu-sannu na farko, an kashe ma'aikata biyu daga cikin tashar, wadanda suka kasance a wannan lokacin a kusa da mai daukar nauyin. Nan take, wuta ta tashi. Yanayin zafin jiki a cikin reactor yana da kyau sosai cewa dukkanin abin da yake can (karafa, sintiri, yashi, man fetur) ya narke.

Ranar raunin Chernobyl ya zama baƙar fata ga dubban dubban mutane. Sanarwa daga abubuwa masu rediyowa sun haifar da mummunar cutar rayuka ba kawai daga cikin 'yan Ukrainian SSR ba, amma daga duk Turai.

Chronology na hadarin

Ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, an yi gyaran gyaran gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren a cikin na'urar, sannan kuma gwajin gwaji na sabon yanayin aiki na reactor. Kafin gyaran gyare-gyare a kan yarjejeniyar, ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya rage ƙwarai, a wannan lokacin ya yi aiki kawai 20-30% na yadda ya dace. Dangane da gyaran, an dakatar da tsarin gaggawa ta gaggawa ta reactor. A sakamakon haka, ikon wutar lantarki ya kai 500 MW, yayin da yake da karfi yana iya hanzarta zuwa 3,200 MW. Kimanin rabin tsakar dare, mai aiki ya kasa kiyaye ikon wutar lantarki a matakin da ake buƙatar, kuma ya fadi kusan zera.

Ma'aikatan sun dauki matakai don kara karfin haɓaka, kuma yunkurin da aka yi sunyi nasara - ya fara girma. Duk da haka, OZR (aikin sarrafawa na aiki) ya ci gaba da fada. Lokacin da ikon ya kai 200 MW, an kashe wasu pumps takwas, ciki har da ƙarin farashin. Amma ruwan kwarara na ruwa mai rayarwa ya zama karami, saboda abin da zafin jiki a cikin reactor ya fara karuwa, kuma nan da nan ya kai matakan tafasa.

An shirya gwajin tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin farawa a ranar 01:23:04. Farawa ya ci nasara, kuma damar ya fara girma. Irin wannan karuwa aka shirya, kuma ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ba su ba da hankali ba. Tuni a ranar 01:23:38 an ba da ƙararrawa, kuma dole ne a dakatar da gwajin, nan da nan ya dakatar da dukkan aikin kuma ya mayar da mai turawa zuwa asalinsa. Amma gwajin ya ci gaba. Bayan 'yan ƴan bayanan sai tsarin ya karbi sakonni na gaggawa game da karuwa mai karuwa a cikin wutar lantarki, kuma a ranar 01:24 cutar ta Chernobyl ta faru - wani fashewa ya faru. An kwashe rukuni na hudu kuma an saki abubuwa masu rediyowa a cikin yanayi.

Dalili mai yiwuwa na hadarin

Rahoton 1993 ya ba da labarin abubuwan da ke tattare da hadarin abin haɗari:

• Yawancin kuskuren da ma'aikatan wutar lantarki suka yi, da kuma cin zarafin ka'idoji.
• Ci gaba da aikin, duk da cewa gashin cewa mai haɓaka ya nuna rashin kuskure, ma'aikatan sun so su gama gwadawa ta kowace hanya.
• Mai haɓaka kanta bai cika ka'idodin aminci ba, saboda yana da matsala masu mahimmanci.
• Matasan ba su fahimci dukan abubuwan da suka dace da aiki tare da na'urar.
• Rashin haɗi tsakanin masu aiki na reactor.

Shin, kamar yadda ya yiwu, bala'i na Chernobyl ya faru ne saboda rashin karuwa a cikin tasirin makaman nukiliya, don dakatar da ci gaban abin da ba zai yiwu ba.

Wasu suna neman dalilin hadarin ba cikin kuskure ba, amma a cikin sha'awar yanayi. A wannan lokacin lokacin da fashewa ya faru, an yi rikici a kan girgizar kasa, wato, bisa ga wata version wani karamin girgizar kasa ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya na mahayin.

Akwai wani ɓangaren hanyar hadarin - sabotage. Sojojin Soviet suna neman masu sabo, amma don kauce wa gaskiyar cewa an gina rukuni tare da rushewa, kuma ma'aikatan da ke aiki ba su cancanci yin wannan gwajin ba.

Sakamakon sakamakon bala'i na Chernobyl

Ranar ranar masifa ta Chernobyl ta ɗauki rayuka masu yawa. Jami'ai guda biyu sun mutu daga fashewa: daya daga rushewar zane-zane, na biyu ya mutu da safe daga raunin da ya samu. Abun da ya shafi wadanda suka yi aiki tare da kawar da halaye na hadarin - 134 ma'aikatan tashoshin da kuma mambobi ne na 'yan gudun hijirar sun kasance sun nuna bayyanar tashin hankali. Dukan su ɓullo da radiation amai, 28 daga cikinsu ya mutu saboda radiation samu bayan 'yan watanni.

Nan da nan 'yan bindigar garin suka yi tasiri ga muryar fashewa. Major Telyatnikov ya dauki umurnin. Ayyukan da suke yi wa Telyatnikov tare da tawagarsa sun taimaka wajen dakatar da wuta, in ba haka ba sakamakon zai zama mafi haɗari. Telyatnikov kansa ya tsira ne kawai saboda aiki mai rikitarwa akan kwakwalwa, wanda ya yi a Ingila. Na farko da ya zo a wurin da ya faru ya faru ne daga ma'aikatan Brigade na Lieutenant Pravik, wanda aka kashe saboda matsanancin yaduwar. Bugu da} ari, Lieutenant Kibenok, wanda ya zo bayan Sarki, ya kashe.

Da ƙarfe shida na safe, masu kashe wuta sun yi nasarar kashe wuta. Duk masu ruwa da ruwa a wannan dare ba su sani ba a yayin da aka cire fasalin, sabili da haka ba su ma kare kariya ba.

Masu aikin wuta sunyi dadi da dare, wanda dole ne a tuna a yanzu. Sai kawai godiya ga gwargwadon jaruntaka da sadaukarwa da kansu ba ta fashe na uku ba, wanda aka haɗa da na hudu kuma yana kusa da shi. Idan ba don ƙarfin masu kashe gobara ba, sakamakon da fashewar wani dan damfara zai yi wuya a yi tunanin. Sabili da haka, duk wani abin da ya faru da abin da ya faru a cikin abin da ya faru na Chernobyl ya kamata ya zama abin tunawa da masu kashe gobara wanda ya ba da ransu a yaki da wuta a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl. Sun ceci duniya daga babban masifa.

Tuni da sa'a daya bayan hadarin, masu magunguna sun fara fada daga cutar rashin lafiya, kuma mafi yawan wadanda suka kasance a gaba sun kashe. Ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu, mummunan bala'i na Chernobyl ya ce da yawa rayuka.

Abin da ya faru a gaba. Gyarawa

Da safe ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu (36 hours ya wuce tun lokacin hadarin, yayin da yawancin mutanen ya kamata a kwashe su nan da nan), an aika da sako a rediyo domin mazaunan Pripyat sun shirya su bar birnin. Har yanzu basu san cewa ba za su koma ƙasarsu ba.

Ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, aka fara sako da cewa wani mummunan yanayi ya faru a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl, amma ba a ce duk abin da ya faru ba. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka an kwashe mutanen da ke cikin radius 30 km. Duk da haka, ana gaya wa mazauna cewa za su iya dawowa cikin kwana uku. Shekaru talatin sun rigaya sun wuce, amma har yanzu yana da wuya a zauna a Pripyat da kudancin Chernobyl.

Hukumomin Soviet sun yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa an yi rawar motar, amma babu wata magana game da shi a cikin kafofin yada labaran, duk kasar ta yi bikin ranar Mayu - ranar ma'aikata.

Kashe sakamakon. Babu wanda ya san jaruntaka

Don kawar da sakamakon haɗari da kuma "rufe" mai haɗin motar, an kafa kwamiti na musamman, wadanda membobin sun yanke shawara su sauke nauyin gurasar musamman, da kuma dilomite da abubuwan dake dauke da boron a cikin reactor. Kwana goma bayan haka, manyan mayakan sojoji sun isa yanki 30-kilomita don kaucewa shigar da fararen hula, tare da su, masana kimiyya da masu ruwa da tsaki na sakamakon wannan hadarin.

A cikin shekarar farko yawan adadin masu haɗarin haɗari ya kai kimanin mutane dubu 300. Har zuwa yanzu, adadin masu ruwa da ruwa sun karu zuwa mutane dubu 600. Mutane sunyi aiki a canje-canjen, saboda ba zasu iya jimrewar tasirin radiation ba, wasu hagu, kuma an kawo sababbin sababbin matsayi. Don har abada ware da halakar nukiliya reactor, an yanke shawarar gina a kan su ake kira "sarcophagus". An kafa sarcophagus na farko a cikin kwanaki 206 kuma an kammala shi a watan Nuwambar 1986.

Kusan a shekara an gudanar wannan taron. An san wannan mummunan bala'i na Chernobyl a duk faɗin duniya, amma mutane da dama basu san kowa ba. Wadannan ba 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ba mashahuran jama'a ba, wadanda ke yin kwarewa a kan mataki. Waɗannan su ne ainihin jaruntaka wadanda suka aikata komai don rage yawan yaduwar cutar, kamar yadda ya yiwu. Sun ceci mu ta rayukansu.

Ayyukan al'umman duniya

Tashin hankali na Chernobyl (hoto a cikin labarin) ba da da ewa ba ya zama sananne ga dukan duniya: kasashen Turai sun lura da radiation mai tsanani, ƙararrawa, kuma gaskiya ya bayyana. Bayan da dukan duniya suka fahimci mummunan bala'i na Chernobyl, gina gine-ginen wutar lantarki a kasashe da dama ya daina ƙare. The United States da Yammacin Turai, kafin 2002 ba gina wani nukiliya ikon shuka. Masana kimiyya a fadin duniya sun fara aiki akan wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi. A cikin USSR, kafin hadarin, an tsara shi don gina karin tashoshin wutar lantarki 10 da sauran wasu na'urori a cikin tashoshin sarrafawa, amma duk tsare-tsaren sun rufe bayan abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 26 ga Afrilu. A chernobyl masifa nuna yadda m iya zama "m" zarra.

Sashin ɓata

Baya ga Pripyat kanta, an bar daruruwan kananan ƙauyuka. Yankin mai tsawon kilomita 30 a kusa da tashar ya fara fara kira "Yankin Ƙarin". Wani yanki na kilomita 200 ya ƙazantu sosai. Mafi rinjaye a yankunan Zhytomyr da Kiev a Ukraine, da Belarus - yankin Gomel, a Rasha - yankin Bryansk. An samu lalacewar lalacewar radiation ko da a Norway, Finland da kuma Sweden, an shawo kan gandun dajin.

Yawan masu fama da ciwon daji bayan hadarin ya karu sosai. Wanda ya fara fara fama da ciwon ciwon maganin thyroid, wanda shine na farko da zai ci gaba da tasirin radiation.

Dalibai sun fara magana game da cewa yara da aka haife su zuwa iyaye daga yankunan suna fama da lahani da maye gurbi. Alal misali, a 1987 akwai Down syndrome.

Ƙarin ci gaba da wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl

Bayan da dukan duniya sun koyi game da hadarin nukiliya na Chernobyl, hadisin ya dakatar saboda mummunan barazanar rashawa. Amma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka wuce, sassan farko da na biyu sun fara aikinsu, kuma daga bisani suka kaddamar da na uku.

A 1995, an yanke shawarar dakatar da wutar lantarki. Bayan wannan shirin, a shekara ta 1996 an dakatar da wutar lantarki ta farko a 1999 - na biyu, kuma a ƙarshe an rufe tashar a shekarar 2000.

Bayan 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani aikin don ƙirƙirar sabon sarcophagus, tun da tsohon baya kare cikakken yanayi daga sakamakon radiation. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2012, gwamnatin Ukraine ta sanar da cewa aikin ya riga ya fara kan gina sabon tsari. Dole ne ya rufe dukkanin wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya, kuma, bisa ga masana kimiyya, bayanan rediyo ba zai wuce ta ganuwar sabon sarcophagus ba. Ya kamata a kammala gine-gine ta 2018, kuma kimanin kusan kuɗin wannan aikin shine fiye da dala biliyan 2.

A shekara ta 2009, Gwamnatin Ukraine ta shirya shirin don kammala taswirar tashar, wadda za a gudanar a cikin hudu. An tsara mataki na ƙarshe don kammalawa ta 2065. A wannan lokacin, hukumomi suna so su bayyana dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin tashar wutar lantarki na nukiliyar Chernobyl a wannan shafin.

Memory

Afrilu 26 na kowace shekara shine ranar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Chernobyl. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrun masu ruwa da wadanda ke fama da hatsarin ba'a girmama su ba kawai a cikin kasashen CIS ba, har ma a ƙasashe da dama na Yammacin Turai. A Faransanci, a Paris, ba da nisa da Hasumiyar Eiffel, an gudanar da wani karamin abu a yau, inda mutane ke sunkuyar da kawunansu kafin heroism na masu kashe gobara.

Kowace Afrilu 26 a makarantu suna da sa'awar bayani, wanda ya nuna game da mummunan bala'i da mutanen da suka ceci duniya. Yara suna karanta waƙa game da bala'i na Chernobyl. Mawallafa sun keɓe su zuwa ga dakarun da suka fadi da kuma tsira da suka tsayar da cutar ta hanyar radiation, da kuma dubban mutane marasa laifi wadanda suka kamu da hadarin.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙaddamarwar Chernobyl tana cikin zuciyar wasu shirye-shiryen bidiyo da kuma fina-finai. Hotunan da ba kawai samar da gida ba ne, da yawa daga cikin ɗakunan ƙasashen waje da masu gudanarwa sun nuna tasirin su a cikin ayyukansu.

Tashin hankali na Chernobyl yana tsakiyar tsakiyar jerin wasannin "STALKER", kuma ya zama labari ga daruruwan littattafan fasaha na wannan suna.
Mafi yawan kwanan nan, hadarin Chernobyl yayi shekaru 30, amma ba a kawar da sakamakon da bala'in ya faru a shekarun nan ba, ragowar wasu abubuwa zai ci gaba har dubban shekaru. Wannan haɗari za ta tuna da shi a duniya kamar yadda ya faru a cikin tarihin tarihi.