Suburbanization - shi ne cewa ra'ayi? Mene ne bambanci urbanization, de-urbanization da suburbanization?

Man - wani mutum, ba shakka, zamantakewa, sunã nẽman kamfanin na wasu. Shi ya sa da al'ummar duniya ya ci gaba da "gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu" zuwa manyan birane. A daya hannun, mutane - kasancewa na halitta. Yana da wani ɓangare na halitta kashi, da na halitta wuri mai faɗi. Saboda haka, birane da kuma halitta yankunan - ba tare da masana'antu da kuma shaye zama a yau biyu main gatura a kusa da revolves da rai na zamani al'umma.

A wannan labarin, za mu tattauna matsalolin da suka shafi birane shiryawa sashe. Mene ne suburbanization, de-urbanization alkari'u? Mene ne ma'anar wadannan uku Concepts?

Ma'ana na "urbanization"

Kalmar "urbanization" da aka samu daga kalmar Latin "urbanus", wanda fassara a matsayin "birni". Karkashin urbanization (a cikin za'a fadada ma'ana) su fahimci girma da ke birnin rawa a rayuwar mutum da kuma al'umma. A wani narrower ji, shi ne a aiwatar da ci gaban birane yawan jama'a da kuma cikin "ambaliya" mutane daga karkara - a birane da kuma megacities.

A urbanization, kamar yadda tattalin arziki sabon abu da kuma tsari, rayayye ya fara magana a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, a lokacin da kaso na birane yawan fara kara hanzari. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne bunkasa tattalin arziki a cikin garuruwa, fitowan wadannan sabon jobs, kazalika da ci gaban al'adu da kuma ilimi ayyuka a birane.

Masana kimiyya sun gano wani yawan al'amurran da urbanization matakai, wato:

• depopulation na karkara - a cikin birnin.
• da canji na kauyuka - a birane ƙauyuka.
• da samuwar manyan kuma cikakke kewayen birni yankunan da matabbatarsu.

A cikin tambaya "Me ne suburbanization, urbanization, dokar ta-urbanization, ruralisation?" geourbanistika gana kimiyya - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yankunan na zamani adam labarin kasa.

Tare da manufar "urbanization" shi ne a hankali related to da sabon abu da ake kira ƙarya urbanization, wanda shi ne hankula ga irin wannan yankuna kamar yadda Latin America da kudancin Asiya. Mene ne ƙarya urbanization. A gaskiya, shi ne kome m girma na birane, wanda ba tare da zama dole karuwa a jobs da kuma ci gaban related kayayyakin more rayuwa. A sakamakon haka, yankunan karkara yawan kawai kawai "gudun hijirar" a manyan birane. Arya urbanization, yawanci tare da wani karuwa a rashin aikin yi da kuma bayyanar a cikin birnin da ake kira "slums" - ba nufi ga al'ada birane ungwanni mutum.

A matakin na urbanization a kasashe daban-daban

United Nations Department of tattalin arziki da al'ummar Harkokin shekara shirya gaba rating na urbanization na duniya. Wadannan karatu ne gudanar, tun 1980.

A matakin na urbanization - shi ne kashi na birane yawan zuwa jimlar yawan wata kasa. Kuma ya ba da guda a kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Kamar haka, mafi girma kudi na urbanization (idan ba a la'akari da Dwarf jihar, kunsha na daya gari) suna gyarawa a Kuwait, Qatar, Belgium da kuma Malta. A duk wadannan kasashe Manuniya na urbanization ya wuce 95%. Har ila yau, matakin urbanization ne quite high a Iceland, Argentina, Japan, Isra'ila, da Uruguay, da Venezuela (sama 90%).

Rasha adadi a cikin ranking bisa ga MDD kimomi ne 74%. Kasa rated urbanization located Papua New Guinea da kuma Burundi (tare da fihirisa na urbanization 12,6 da kuma 11.5% bi da bi). A Turai, mafi ƙasƙanci urbanization kudi ne na hali Moldova (49 bisa dari).

A ra'ayi na birane agglomeration

Metropolitan yankunan - wani sabon abu da aka inextricably nasaba da aiwatar da urbanization. Wannan tsari na ha makwabta birane ƙauyuka a wani hadadden kuma Hadakar tsarin. Cikin wannan tsarin, don samar da ci, kuma m sadarwa: samarwa, kai, kimiyya da al'adu. Metropolitan yankunan - shi ne daya daga cikin halitta, saukarwa urbanization tafiyar matakai.

Akwai biyu main iri agglomerations:

• monocentric (kafa ta a tsakiyar tsakiya na gari).
• polycentric (jari na dama m birane ƙauyuka).

wadannan su ne siffofin halayyar ga Metropolitan yankin:

1. Fili tsakiyar birnin tare da m sauran birane da garuruwa (ba tare da gagarumin discontinuities yankin).
2. Da rabo daga gina-up yankunan a cikin Metropolitan yankin dole ne dole wuce kaso na gona.
3. Ga wani agglomeration ne halin da kullum commuting - aiki, ilimi, al'adu da kuma harkokin yawon shakatawa.

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a wannan duniyar ta mu, babu kasa da 450 Metropolitan yankunan, kowanne daga abin zaune a kalla miliyan daya mutane. The most agglomeration a duniya gane da Tokyo Metropolitan yankin, wanda shi ne gida a kusa da 35 da mutane miliyan. Manyan kasa a total number na birane agglomerations ne: China, Amurka, Indiya, Brazil da kuma Rasha.

Urban agglomerations a Rasha

Abin sha'awa, a Rasha a jihar matakin sun kasance ba da la'akari da birane agglomerations a kasar. Saboda haka, shaida a kan wannan batu na iya zama dan kadan daban-daban daga juna.

Duk da haka, a cikin ƙasa na Rasha ya yanke shawarar ware 22 agglomeration. The most of su ne kamar haka (a parentheses nuna kimanin yawan mutane):

1. Moscow (game da 16 m).
2. St. Petersburg (5.6m).
3. Samara-Toliattinskaya (2.3m).
4. Ekaterinburgskaya (2.2m).
5. Rostov (1.7m).

Don Rasha Metropolitan yankunan hali na high masana'antu na ƙasa, wani babban mataki ne na bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, babban adadin na bincike da kuma manyan cibiyoyin ilmi. The girma na agglomerations a Rasha ne monocentric, cewa shi ne, suna da daya, da jinsin cibiyar, wanda iko da dukan sauran kauyuka da kuma wuraren kiwo nata.

Suburbanization: definition

Yanzu ya zama dole su yi la'akari da wasu matsalolin da ake rayayye amfani a birane da karatu. Suburbanization - shi ne cewa daga cikin ra'ayi, da kuma abin da yake da asalinta?

Wannan lokaci da aka shiga cikin aiki amfani a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin. Suburbanization - wannan sabon abu ne tare da aiki ci gaban da makiyayarta - zones located a kusa da manyan birane.

Zuwa ga karshen karni na karshe, mai girma yawan mutane suka fara matsa zuwa gefen garin, daga amo na masana'antu da kuma datti iska da kuma kusa da na halitta shimfidar. A daidai wannan lokaci, wadannan "baƙi" Ba za a fara noma ƙasar, kuma tãyar da kaji. Su ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin birnin, jawabin da 'yan sa'o'i kowane rana don samun zuwa da kuma daga aiki. Hakika, suburbanization ya zama zai yiwu ne kawai godiya ga ci gaban taro motorization.

Alkari'u - ga suburbanization!

Kwanan nan, cikin mujallar "The Economist" ta buga wani ban sha'awa kasida mai taken "The Planet na unguwannin bayan gari." Bisa ga rubutu na labarin, suburbanization - shi ne ba kõme ba sai a "ya ɓadda" urbanization! Bayan duk, duniya na yau da birni da kuma Metropolitan yankunan girma ne kawai a kudi na unguwannin bayan gari. Togiya na "The Economist" Kiran kawai biyu zamani hedkwatarsu - yana da London da kuma Tokyo.

Kuma yanzu za mu iya ganin wani ban sha'awa hoto: idan 30-40 shekaru da suka wuce karkata daga cikin manyan birane sun zama "gida" ga matalauciyar segments na yawan jama'ar, amma yanzu duk abin da ya canza diametrically. Kuma yanzu bariki na Elite gidaje suna ƙara gani a kewayen birni yankunan.

Mene ne de-urbanization?

A karshe, za ka bukatar magance duk da haka wani ra'ayi. De-urbanization - wani tsari daura da urbanization (daga Faransa "Dez" - wani musu).

De-urbanization ne halin da matakai na sake ma su matsugunni, na yawan jama'ar waje da biranen. A wani duniya hankali, da lokaci kuma yana nufin da negation na muhimmiyar rawa na birane a cikin al'umma. Babban burin da ka'idar de-urbanization - shi ne kawar da duk duniya ta manyan birane.

A ƙarshe ...

Alkari'u, dokar ta-urbanization, suburbanization ... Duk wadannan matsalolin suna sosai a hankali da alaka da juna. Idan urbanization - ne tsari na inganta birnin na rawa a cikin al'umma, da suburbanization - shi ne, a maimakon haka, outflow na yawan jama'a a kewayen birni yankunan.