Su wane ne Sarmatians da kuma abin da suka kasance sunã aikatãwa?

Sarmatians - wani rukuni na Iran kabĩlõli, dõmin yawonta matakan na zamani Ukraine, Rasha da Kazakhstan a cikin tsufa. Wadannan mutane ta bayyana a cikin VI karni BC. e., da kuma a cikin IV karni BC. e. kusan bace daga scene bayan mamayewa na Huns. Yana da aka raba da dama kungiyoyin: Iazyges, Alans da Roxolani.

Certificate Sarmatians

Mafi yawa daga duk rubuta bayanai game da Sarmatians zauna a karo na hudu littafin, "Tarihi", rubuta da tsoho Greek Herodotus. A da shi, ya kwatanta Scythia kasar dake arewa na Black Sea inda Helenawa zaunar da mafi m mazauna, ciki har da Olbia. Herodotus, bayanin wanda da Sarmatians, amfani da kalmar "Sauromats". A cikin "Tarihi" ya ce 'suka rayu Tanais (watau Don) a kan gaba daga cikin Tekun Azov.

More kwanan nan masu bincike sun yi kokarin amsa tambayar, su wane ne Sarmatians da kuma inda suka je wadannan makiyaya. Yau, masana sun yi imanin cewa kakanninmu gida na steppe ya Yuzhnyy Ural. Su fadada fara a cikin na biyu rabin 2 Millennium BC. e. Ta dalilin shi ne zargin wani sabon irin sojoji - saka maharba. Bayan Mastering da harbi makiyaya zama babbar masifa ga makwabtanta.

m mutane

Steppe a kai a kai suka yi yaƙi da juna. A sabili da karo, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shine jin yunwa ko gwagwarmayar makiyaya sabon. A ka'idar bayyana gudana yaki suke da Sarmatians. A mutane da aka haife shi a Ural matakan hankali ya koma yamma karkashin matsin da m Asian makwabta. A cikin sabon wuri na makiyaya jira yalwatacce da kuma gwada free daga gefen gasar.

Talakawa da baƙi maimaita kamar Eurasian hanyar da dama shekara dubu. Su wane ne Sarmatians? A takaice, wannan shi ne wani kalaman na wannan hijirarsa. Su ƙaddara shi ne guda a matsayin cewa na su magabata kuma magadansa. A tsawon lokaci, da makiyaya bace tsakanin kasashen masu zama a gida mutane da kuma asarar dukiya identichnot. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a yau da Sarmatians - An wani dogon-tsaye tarihi sabon abu daga wanda ya yi tsira kawai fragmentary bayanai da kuma m search for kayayyakin gargajiya.

kabilanci siffofin

Hoton na zamanin d steppe a hanyoyi da yawa da bamu san godiya ga ethnographic bayanai. Su wane ne Sarmatians kuma wanda kakanninsu? Sun zo daga zarar kowa Indo-Turai mutane. A hankali, daga wannan al'umma ware fitar Iran-magana kungiyar da kuma kafa arewacin reshe na Scythian ciki. Don ya zama na waɗansu Sarmatians. Bisa ga sama, yana yiwuwa a bayyana wurin shagaltar da ta Sarmatians a cikin kabilanci taswirar Eurasia. Su uwansa ne Scythians. Sauran Indo-Turai makwabta makiyaya sun Cimmerians.

Sarmatians taba zarcewa al'umma guda. Suka kasu kashi da dama kabilu. Su sunayen da aka sani ga tsoho kafofin lokacin steppe sunayen wahayi zuwa tsoron cikin zaman lafiya zaunar da makwabta. Mun Sarmatians ya ba da aka rubuta da harshen, kuma haka tarihi ba su da ainihin shaida, amma su ne m cewa kowace kabila ya da kansa yare.

Rabe-raben harsuna da karatu sun taimaka wajen ayyana lokaci da kuma al'adar steppe mutane. Ta hanyar bincike na harsuna daban daban iya gano wanda da Sarmatians da suke da zũriyarsu. Muna magana ne game da zamani Ossetians. Wadannan mutane zo daga wani rukuni na Sarmatian, wanda gudanar da adana su ainihi, bayan mayar da su cikin Caucasus. Da al'adunsu da ya tsira da samo asali yayin da sauran related kabilu rage a saba matakan sun ko dai ƙasƙantattu ko narkar da tsakanin makwabta. A karshe duka domin wannan girma Sarmatian da aka buga a cikin IV karni da Huns. New Oriental hordes iso cikin Turai, da kuma ba kawai shafe da haihuwa steppe, amma kuma aikata wani tsanani buga wa Roman Empire, wadda daga ƙarshe ta rushe.

Iazyges

Mai Yammacin Sarmatian Jĩkõki, sun kasance Iazyges. Suka zauna a cikin ƙananan kai na cikin Dnieper, inda suka tilasta su motsa daga gabashin Black Sea yankin bayan zuwa na Roxolani. Wasu makwabtan Iazyges sun daban-daban kabilu Gat, ciki har da Dniester tyragetae. Su ma kẽwayesu a kan La Tene al'ada Bastarnae. Wasu kashi Iazyges lokacin da ya sake ma su matsugunni kai Danube Delta. Akwai Sarmats da ke kawance da Fantas, wanda sai mallakar almara Evpatr Mithridates, kuma ya fara yaƙi da Roma. A mayar da martani, cikin dandazon a 78-76 shekaru. BC. e. halshen jerin punitive expeditions zuwa ƙasashen arewa na Danube, inda makiyaya rayuwa.

A farkon rabin karni na BC. e. Tsayinsa ya kai Dacian mulki located in ba-rana Romania. Yana da wannan, tare da Romawa kange kara fadada Iazyges. Tare da haka da yawa sun yi tsayayya da makwabta da kansu, Sarmatians karshe tsaya da motsi yamma.

Roksolany

Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Roksolany Iazyges tako a kan diddige, haka tilasta su motsa zuwa yamma. Yana wani Sarmatian kabilar da suka rayu arewa na Tanais (Don). Shiga wani ƙawance da Crimean Scythians, sun hore duk arewacin Black Sea yankin. Roxolani m ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan sananne ga tabbatar da Sarmatian sarakuna Gata. Ya zama shahararren ga cewa ya fara da ci daga cikin Crimean Scythians, Sarmatians wanda kafin ya zauna m dangantakar. Zabar sabon makiya, Gata goyon bayan Greek mazaunan Kherson. A tashar jiragen ruwa ya sha wahala mai tsanani daga Scythian da Sarmatian sun nemi kariya. Gata sunan da aka ambata a cikin Greek daftarin aiki 179 shekaru BC. e., a cikin abin da ya amince ya zama Wakili na yarjejeniya tsakanin Ponte da Kherson.

Kimiyyar zamani sani da sunan wani sarki Roxolani. Jagoran Tazy (Tasy) sarauta game da 110 BC. e., lokacin da Sarmatians canza ta da manufofin, a ƙawance da Scythians da Mulkin Bosporus. Army a karkashin umurnin shugaban Difanta ci makiyaya. Game da yaki a cikin rubuce-rubucen, sanannen tarihi Strabo ruwaito.

A tsakiyar karni na BC. e. Yana fara muhallinsa Roxolani, hur ƙi Bastarnae. Su koma cikin steppe yamma da Dnieper River, sake wuce Iazyges kinship tare da ƙasashensu. Bi da bi, roksolonam da koma baya a karkashin mãsu alãma daga Aorses da Alans. A sakamakon wadannan Sarmatians zauna a matakan tsakanin Danube Delta da Dnieper. Wasu teams ko da kai da Carpathian Mountains. Part Roxolani juya kudu, da tsayawa a Wallachia. Ga warkarwa kasashen waje domin makiyaya zama iyaka da Roman Empire. A karkashin matsin lamba daga wannan rukuni na Sarmatian tare da saba wurare starring Dacians. The Roman tarihin ambaci haka al'amarin a lokacin da a '62 dubban sojoji mamaye arewacin makwabta a fadar lardin Moesia. Wadannan Dacians, repressed Roxolans, ƙarshe samu izinin shirya a cikin Roman masun mulki. Sarmatians, ba kasancewa iya kama Roman larduna, Duk da haka kullum tursasa su tare da su yankunan da hare-hare.

Tattalin arziki da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa

Game wanda da Sarmatians, dace hukunci da neman a gonakin su. Wadannan mutane rayu a cikin matakan, sa'an nan kuma ya jagoranci wani nomadic rayuwa. Dalili na Sarmatian tattalin arzikin da aka dabbõbi kiwo. Aikin noma ne ma ba, amma a cikin wani yawa karami sikelin, yafi a cikin kusanci da manyan koguna.

Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians - duk wadannan mutane don su hanyarsa ta rayuwa ya yi kama da juna. Maimakon gidaje suna da alfarwansu da kuraye. Abinci kunshi nama da madara, wanda ya ba manyan garkunan shanu. Popular tasa ya doki nama. Hanyoyi na yanayi na hijira - wani daki-daki, abin da a fili ya nuna wanda da Sarmatians. A tarihin matakan Ukraine, Rasha da Kazakhstan da alaka da mutane da yawa archaeological shafukan. Summer Sarmatians zauna a filayen da kuma a cikin hunturu tafi zuwa tekun na Azov Sea. Su hankula tufafin da aka sanya na taushi fata takalma, dogon wando, kuma ya ji huluna.

soja hadisin

Kamar kowane sauran nomadic Sarmatians bai wakiltar rayuwar ba tare da dawakai. Wadannan dabbobi ba kawai ya taimaka a kan gona, amma aka bukata a cikin yaki. Maza koyar da yara maza hau a wata sosai tun da wuri. Na dukkan su girma gwani kuma Hardy warriors. Wannan al'amari ya tabbatar da cewa, a da yawa yara kaburbura, archaeologists samu wani makami. Soja kwastan steppe sun kasance canzawa for ƙarni.

Su wane ne Sarmatians kamar yadda sojoji? Su arsenal kunshi wani mai lankwasa short baka, a kwarinka cike da kibau, da baƙin ƙarfe takobi, da aka sani da akinak. Kadan amfani pikes, māsu da yaƙi da gatura. Har ila yau, akwai shaida na zamanin d tarihi game da shahararsa na makiyaya slings da Lasso. Armor hada da kwalkwali da makamai Bovine rawhide kuma braided garkuwoyi.

Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians da sauran tsoho steppe al'ummai amfani da su yi yãƙi a game da wannan dabara. A harin da aka kai hari na wani babban rukuni na mahayan dawakai a cika gallop aka saka bom, maƙiyi da kibiya. Musamman gwani warriors sun Roksolana. Sarmats takuba daban-daban giant size. Suna iya ci gaba ne kawai hannayenka biyu.

jama'a

Ancient masana tarihi da kuma geographers, wadanda suka yi kokarin bayyana wa da Sarmatians, ya nuna cewa, wadannan mutane ba da ma'aikata na bauta. Dukan mutane sun yi sirri yanci. Steppe shugabannin sun zabe mafi bikin warriors. Saboda fragmentary yanayin da kafofin kimiyyar zamani ya san sunayen 'yan sarakunan nan.

Social tsani Sarmatian mutane, wanda shi ne a saman shugabanni, ba ko da yaushe guda. Wannan ne evidenced mounds gano by archaeologists. Kaburbura - mafi kyau tushen ilimi game da wanda Sarmatians da kuma inda suka zauna. Farkon Sarmatian binne mounds sun matalauta da uniform. Duk da haka, a karshen na V karni BC. e. akwai arziki makabarta a cikin abin da aka binne shi tare da mutumin da zinariya da sauran luxuries. Irin wannan Finds masana nuna karɓa mai zaman stratification na Sarmatians. Makabartun tribal aristocracy ne markedly daban-daban daga saba, wanda ke nufin cewa ko da matsananci nomadic ƙarshe ci gaba da kansa Elite.

Mata da kuma addinin

Musamman m bayanai da cewa Greek marubuta bar na Sarmatian mata. Saboda haka, idan aka kwatanta da Herodotus su tare da Amazons. Mace nomad farauta a kan dawakai har ma ya dauki kashi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a matsayin maza. Bugu da kari, an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'umma taka leda Sarmatian priestess Layer. Steppe ma'abũta sun Majusawa, sun kasance sunã bauta wuta da rana. A farkon zamanin mu, daga gare su, da sabon Zoroastrian daba yada.

Sarmatians yi ĩmãni da rai bayan mutuwa, sabili da haka suka yi mai yawa disparate jana'izar ayyukan hajji. Wasu da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar animism da bauta na dabbobi. Duk wannan ilimi na zamani masana kimiyya game da Stepnyak ci gaba da kari kuma inganta matsayin sabon archaeological Finds. Tambayar da ke cikin Sarmatians, da kuma abin da suka aikata, da nisa daga ana rufe. Masana sun kuma yanzu ta ci gaba da gano ban sha'awa bayani game da tsoho mazaunan matakan Kazakhstan, Rasha da Ukraine.

Alan

sarmatian mutãne su Alani kokuwa ake cewa wani lokaci na Late I-IV cc. A farkon zamanin mu suka zo daga gabashin matakan da Sea na Azov da Caucasus. A 73-74 shekaru. Alans unsuccessfully kokarin cinye Parthia da kuma mamaye shi, za dogon hanya tare gabas na Caspian Sea. A 123, da makiyaya suka kai hari riga a cikin Roman mallaka. Su mamayewa ya shafi arewa-maso-gabas Asian larduna na daular. Wannan lokaci Sarmatian m kwamandan Flavius Arrian. A 133, da hari da aka maimaita. Alans mamaye da yankin na zamani Armenia da Azerbaijan.

Ana zargin sabon Sarmatians a Gabashin Turai matakan da aka sa ta wani kalaman na hijirarsa sa na kabilun. Iran mutane suna mãsu bãyar da bãya daga Asian steppes, da zarar kan hanya karaya Huns. A IV karni saboda su kasance Mai girma Hijira, wanda ya shafi ba kawai Alans, amma kuma da yawa wasu kabilu, ciki har da Jamus kungiyar.

Bayan farko na Huns mafi yawan Alans narkar daga gare su, da kuma sauran Turks (Khazars, Volga Bulgars, Utigurs). Wasu daga cikin karshen kungiyar na Sarmatians zauna a Caucasus. Su na zamani zuriyarsa - da Ossetians, wanda harshen shi ne na karshe da harshen ko ta yaya alaka da farko tartsatsi Sarmatian kungiyar.

Wasu Alans lugar m yankuna na Central Caucasus, inda na farko zaunar da wakilan da Koban archaeological al'adu na Iron Age. A VI karni da suka tsira da mamayewa na Altai Turks da hatsarori. Aƙalla 650 shekaru Alans kasance a vassalage daga Khazar Khanate. A madadin sararin yanki tsakanin Dagestan da kuma Kuban an mai suna. Alan sarakuna auratayya da mulki daular Georgia. Sarmatian jihar a cikin Caucasus, akwai 'yan mafi ƙarni. Alans tarihi ƙare bayan da Mongol mamayewa a XIII karni. Tun daga nan, da sunan ba a samu a na da tarihin.