Sodium hydroxide: dabara, Properties da aikace-aikace

Daya muhimmanci sinadaran mahadi hada babbar jam'iyyun shekara Alkali ne sodium hydroxide. Irin wannan shahararsa shi cancanci saboda dũkiyõyinsu. Caustic soda, wanda dabara - NaOH, shi ne na manyan kasuwanci muhimmancin da mutane. Ka yi la'akari da abu mafi.

Tarihi na samu wakili

A farko ambaci fili a kan kaddarorin shi yayi kama da sodium hydroxide, ya bayyana ko a zamanin da. Ko Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ƙunshi wasu bayanai game da neter abu cirewa daga Masar tabkuna. Mai yiwuwa wannan shi ne caustic soda.

Aristotle, Plato da sauran tsoho Greek kuma Roman masana falsafa da kuma masana kimiyya ma ake magana nitrum abu da ake cirewa daga halitta kududdufai da kuma sayar a cikin irin manyan guda na daban canza launin (baki, ruwan toka, fari). Bayan duk, da hanyoyin magani ba tukuna san wani abu, don haka da raba connection daga ci, da gur shi, shi ba zai yiwu ba.

A 385 BC, an yi amfani da sabulu shawara. A tsari dangane da sodium hydroxide aka yi amfani. Da dabara aka ba tukuna san tabbata, amma ba ciwo cire shi daga cikin toka na shuke-shuke na HALITTAR Salsola, daga tabkuna da kuma amfani ga tsaftacewa iyali abubuwa, wanki, tsirar daban-daban soaps.

Dan kadan daga baya Arab koya don ƙara zuwa samfurin muhimmanci mai, fragrances. Sa'an nan da sabulu ne mai kyau da kuma dadi ƙanshi. Yana fara aiki ci gaban da sabulu ba wajen yin matakai da fasahar.

Har XVII karni, caustic soda, wanda Properties ake amfani a cika, kamar yadda wani sinadaran fili zauna unstudied. Its a hade tare da irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin sodium, hydroxide , potassium carbonate, sodium. Dukkan su sun kira caustic alkalis.

Daga baya masanin kimiyya Duhamel du Monceau iya tabbatar da bambanci tsakanin wadannan abubuwa da kuma raba su ƙungiya Alkali da gishiri. Tun caustic soda da aka masa gaskiya, kuma m ga wannan rana da sunan.

Kamancin lakabi

Ya kamata a lura da cewa sunan wannan abu ne ba iri daya ba, kuma yana da dama ma'ana. All za a iya sanya 6 daban-daban zaɓuɓɓuka:

• sodium hydroxide.
• sodium hydroxide.
• caustic soda.
• sodium Alkali.
• caustics.
• caustic Alkali.

Caustic soda , wannan fili da aka kira a kowa da kuma masana'antu. A sunadarai kira ne mafi daidai a ce sodium lye ko caustic soda. Da dabara ya rage guda. A mafi talakawa sunan - caustics. A mafi kyau cikin sharuddan din nomenclature sunan abubuwa ne sodium hydroxide.

A sunadarai dabara da kuma kwayoyin tsarin

Idan abu ne dauke daga mahangar sunadarai, shi zai kunshi biyu ions: sodium cation (Na ⁺⁾ da kuma hydroxide anion (OH ^-). Tuntužar juna saboda electrostatic janye raznozaryazhennyh gaɓũɓuwa, wadannan ions samar da sodium hydroxide. Empirical dabara na nau'i ne NaOH.

Gidroksogrupp kafa covalent iyakacin duniya bond tsakanin oxygen da kuma hydrogen, a cikinsu, an gudanar da sodium ionic bond. A Alkali bayani ne gaba daya barranta zuwa ions, kasancewa mai karfi electrolyte.

Laboratory hanya domin samar da

Industrial da kuma awon hanyoyin da shiri na sodium hydroxide hankali Makamantan bayanai. Sau da yawa a cikin kananan yawa shi ne samu da kuma sinadaran electrochemical hanyoyin in karami raka'a fiye da a masana'antu wurare. A ton na abu samar da guda hanyoyin zuwa babbar mazauna na sel.

Akwai da dama na asali hanyoyin da kira na caustic a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

1. Ferritic Hanyar. Ya kunshi biyu main saukarwa: na farko sintering karkashin high zazzabi sodium carbonate, da baƙin ƙarfe oxide (III). Wannan samar sodium ferrite (NaFeO _2). A mataki na biyu, shi ne fallasa zuwa ruwa da kuma decomposes ta samar da sodium hydroxide da ruwa gauraye da baƙin ƙarfe (Fe ₂ Ya ₃ * H ₂ Ya). A sakamakon caustic soda bayani ne evaporated zuwa daga lu'ulu'u ko fari flakes. Its tsarki ya game kashi 92%.
2. Lemun tsami Hanyar. Reaction ne hulda tsakanin sodium carbonate da alli hydroxide (slaked lemun tsami) don samar da alli carbonate da caustic. A dauki aka gudanar a zazzabi ^na 80 C. Tun da sakamakon gishiri precipitates, shi ne raba sauƙi. Sauran bayani da aka evaporated ba da sodium Alkali.
3. A diaphragm da kuma hanya domin samar da wani membrane. Bisa ga aikin na electrolyzer naúrar. Yana bauta bayani da na kowa gishiri (NaCL), wanda aka electrolyzed ta samar da free of gaseous chlorine da caustic soda samar da ake so samfurin. Bambanci a cikin wadannan hanyoyi ne da cewa a lokacin da aiwatar diaphragm babban tsarin ɓangare na na'urar ne wani diaphragm na asbestos (cathode). Lokacin da diaphragm Hanyar cathode da anode sarari da aka raba ta musamman membrane.

Kamar wancan shirya a dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma sodium hydroxide, zabar mafi m zaɓi a cikin kayan sharuddan. Shĩ ne, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ƙasa da makamashi-m.

Kira a masana'antu

Ta yaya ne irin wannan abu a cikin masana'antu, kamar sodium hydroxide? Liquid da m caustic soda da aka samar da mafi yawa daga electrochemical Hanyar. Yana dogara ne a kan electrolysis daga cikin bayani na wani halitta ma'adinai halite, mafi yawan abin da aka kafa tare da sodium chloride.

A babban alama wannan kira ne cewa ta hanyar-kayayyakin da sodium hydroxide ne gaseous chlorine da hydrogen. A tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin wani na uku zaɓuɓɓuka:

• diaphragm for electrolysis m cathode.
• na ruwa Mercury cathode.
• membrane tare da daskararrun cathode.

Mafiya yawa na caustic soda samar a cikin duniya da aka samar da hanyar ne har yanzu tare da membrane. A sakamakon Alkali ya bambanta isasshe babban matakin tsarki.

aikace-aikace

Akwai mutane da yawa masana'antu a wanda ainihin sodium hydroxide. A aikace-aikace dogara ne a kan ta sinadaran da jiki Properties, yin wannan fili makawa a da yawa syntheses da kuma matakai.

Akwai da dama manyan yankunan inda sodium hydroxide - wani m kashi.

1. Chemical samarwa (kira na esters, soaps, fats, samar da zaruruwa, aluminum etching, don samar da mai ladabi kayayyakin, a matsayin mai kara kuzari a da yawa tafiyar matakai, wani asali abu domin su kau da acid da kuma su daidai oxides; a analytical sunadarai da ake amfani da titration; kuma an yi amfani da su samu m karafa, da yawa salts da sauran sansanonin da kuma gudanar da mahadi).
2. A takarda yi, domin lura da itace ɓangaren litattafan almara (itace abu zubar da lignin).
3. The mutum tattalin arziki aiki ne ma ba makawa caustic soda. A amfani da yawa ƙuna kuma tsabtace kayayyakin bisa yana da muhimmanci sosai. Sabulu, shamfu sami - duk wannan ba ba tare da caustic.
4. Ake bukata don kira na man shuke-shuken.
5. Amfani a kan kasa sikelin ga decontamination da neutralization na mai guba abubuwa, effects a jiki.
6. Production na magunguna da kuma kwayoyi.
7. Masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci - confectionery, cakulan, koko, ice cream, alewa, canza launi, da zaituni, irin kek gidan burodi kayayyakin.
8. A cosmetology for cire waje abokai (moles, papilloma warts).
9. Amfani a kan giya da taba Mills.
10. A cikin yadi masana'antu.
11. Glass: launi, al'ada, da kuma sauran Tantancewar.

Ya tabbata cewa, sodium hydroxide - mai muhimmanci sosai da kuma amfani a mutum aiki abu. Shi ne ba a banza, shi ne hada a ton a shekara a duniya - miliyan 57 ko fiye.

jiki Properties

White powdery abu, wani lokacin colorless. Yana iya zama a cikin nau'i na lafiya crystalline foda ko a cikin nau'i na flakes. Sau da yawa a cikin irin manyan lu'ulu'u. Da narkewa batu ne quite low - 65,1 ^C. Very da sauri garwaya da danshi da kuma zama hydrated form 3,5N NaOH · ₂ O. A wannan yanayin, da narkewa zafin jiki ne har yanzu kasa, kawai 15.5 ^C. Kusan Unlimited narkewa a alcohols, ruwa . Don shãfar matsayin m da ruwa soapy.

Matukar hatsari a mayar da hankali da kuma diluted form. Iya lalata duk na ido up zuwa na gani jijiya. Eye lamba iya haifar da makanta. Saboda haka, aiki tare da wannan fili hadarin gaske musamman da kuma na bukatar m na'urorin.

sinadaran Properties

Caustic soda Properties farfado daidai kamar duk Alkali: an mayar da martani tare da wani acid, acid oxides, amphoteric oxides da hydroxides, salts. Na Nonmetallic reacts tare da sulfur, phosphorus da halogens. Har ila yau iya maida martani tare da karafa.

A kwayoyin sunadarai, sodium hydroxide reacts tare da amides, esters, halogenated alkanes.

ajiya yanayi

Storage na caustic soda ne da za'ayi a karkashin wani yanayi. Wannan shi ne saboda shi ne musamman amsawa, musamman a lokacin da gumi. Ainihin yanayi ne da wadannan.

1. Nisantan dumama kayan.
2. Hermetically rufe kuma hatimce marufi ne ba su iya yada danshi.
3. Dry crystalline caustics adana a sacks na musamman abun da ke ciki (m polyethylene), wani ruwa - a cikin duhu gilashin kwalabe da ƙasa gilashin stoppers. Idan lambar shi ne babban kuma shi bukatar da sufuri, da sodium hydroxide bayani da aka sanya shi a cikin na musamman kwantena da karfe gwangwani.

The abu za a iya hawa da wani a san hanyar a yarda da aminci da dokoki, da kawar da sufuri da iska.

Liquid sodium lye

Bayan crystal, akwai wani ruwa-ruwa bayani daga sodium hydroxide. Daidai ne dabara kamar yadda ga m. Chemically mafita mafi amfani da dace don amfani. Saboda haka, a cikin irin wannan nau'i caustics amfani da mafi sau da yawa.

A bayani na sodium hydroxide wanda dabara - NaOH, da ake amfani a dukkan wadannan yankunan. Shi ne m kawai a lokacin kawowa, kamar yadda kai ne mafi alhẽri ga bushe caustic. Gama dukan sauran kaddarorin ba ya samar lu'ulu'u, kuma a wasu da ta fi gaban su.