Short bayanin mutum na Adam Smith: nasarorin da tattalin arziki da kuma abubuwan ban sha'awa

Wani ɗan gajeren tarihin Adam Smith ya baka dama ka san abin da sanannen masanin tattalin arziki na Scottish wanda ya kafa ka'idodin tattalin arziƙin zamani a rayuwa. An kuma san shi da masaniyar falsafa.

Tarihin rayuwar tattalin arziki

Wani ɗan gajeren tarihin Adam Smith ya fara a 1723. An haife shi ne a garin Kirkcaldy a cikin mulkin Scotland. Dole ne a fahimci cewa babban labarin jaririn na tattalin arziki bai wanzu ba har yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, karni na goma sha takwas shine lokacin da ba'a karɓa don rubuta kowane mataki na mutum ba. Sabili da haka, bamu san dukan cikakken bayani game da rayuwar Smith ba, ba ma ainihin haihuwarsa ba. Amma mun san cewa mahaifinsa wani malami ne - lauya da jami'in kwastan. Gaskiya, kawai watanni biyu bayan haihuwar Adamu, ya mutu.

Mahaifiyarsa 'yar wani babban mai mallakar gida ne, wanda kuma ya kula da cewa yaron ya sami cikakken ilimi. Wani ɗan gajeren tarihin Adam Smith ya ce shi ne kawai yaro a cikin iyali, saboda babu wani rikodin 'yan'uwansa maza da mata. Hakan ya faru a lokacin da yake da shekaru 4, lokacin da gypsies suka sace shi. Gaskiya ne, ba zai yiwu ya dauki yaro ba nesa. Danginsa ya cece shi. Maimakon zama a sansanin, ya yi karatu a makaranta mai kyau a Kirkcaldy, tun daga ƙuruciya yana da yawa littattafai kewaye da shi.

Education Smith

Lokacin da ya kai shekaru 14, ya shiga Jami'ar Glasgow Adam Smith. Bayanan ɗan gajeren lokaci na masanin tattalin arziki na gaba bayan wannan ya fara ingantawa. Bayan haka, yana cikin cibiyar da ake kira "Scottish enlightenment". Shekaru biyu, yayi nazarin falsafanci tare da sanannun masanin ilimin falsafa, Francis Hutcheson. Ilimi na Smith yana da kyau sosai. Ilimin jami'a ya hada da fasaha, falsafar dabi'a, harsuna na dā, musamman, Helenanci na zamanin dā, da kuma astronomy da lissafi.

A cikin wannan taƙaitacciyar labari na Adam Smith ya lura cewa 'yan uwansa sunyi la'akari da shi aƙalla. Alal misali, yana iya yin tunani mai zurfi, kasancewa a cikin kamfanin soyayyar da kuma farin ciki, yayin da bai amsa ga wasu ba.

A 1740, Adam Smith ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Oxford. Bayanan ɗan gajeren lokaci na masanin tattalin arziki ya nuna cewa ya sami digiri a wurin, tun bayan da ya yi nazarin shekaru 6. A lokaci guda kuma, malamin yana da matukar damuwa game da ilimin da aka samu a wurin, inda ya san cewa mafi yawan malamai a wannan makaranta sun dade suna da nauyin koyarwa. A lokaci guda kuma yana ciwon rashin lafiya kuma bai nuna sha'awar tattalin arziki ba.

Ayyukan kimiyya

Ayyukan kimiyya da koyarwa an fara shi ne a shekara ta 1748 ta hanyar Adam Smith (wani ɗan gajeren labari na masana kimiyya ya yi haka). Ya fara lakca a Jami'ar Edinburgh. Da farko ba su da alaka da tattalin arziki, kuma sun kasance suna bin litattafan Ingilishi, kuma daga baya zuwa fikihu, kamar yadda tattalin arzikin mahaifinsa yake da shi.

A wannan jami'a ne Adam ya fara sha'awar tattalin arziki ya fara. Masanin tattalin arziki da kuma malaman Scotland ya fara bayyana ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1750.

Ayyukan Smith

An san cewa a shekara ta 1750 Adam Smit (Adamu Smith), a cikin ɗan gajeren bayanin da aka ba da wannan, ya sadu da masanin kimiyya Scottish David Hume. Sannan ra'ayoyinsu sun kasance daidai, wanda aka nuna a cikin ayyukan hadin gwiwa da yawa. An ba su kishin tattalin arziki ne kawai, har ma da addini, siyasa, falsafa, tarihi. Biyu daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fahimtar Scotland.

A shekara ta 1751, Smith ya karbi mukamin farfesa na ilimin a Jami'ar Glasgow, wanda shi kansa kansa ya sauke karatunsa. Sakamakonsa na gaba shi ne wurin dakin, wanda ya gaji a 1758.

Ayyukan kimiyya

A 1759 Smith ya buga littafinsa mai suna The Theory of Moral Senses. Ya dogara ne a kan laccocinsa a Jami'ar Glasgow. A cikin wannan aikin, ya yi cikakken bayani game da halin kirki, a gaskiya yana magana akan halin kirki na coci, wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance sanarwa mai ban mamaki. A matsayin madadin tsoron tsoron fadawa cikin wuta, Smith ya ba da shawarar yin la'akari da ayyukansa game da halin kirki, yayin da yayi magana akan goyon baya da daidaito tsakanin kowa da kowa.

Rayuwar mutum na masana kimiyya

Game da rayuwar sirri na Adam Smith ba a sani ba. Bayanai ba cikakke ba ne kuma rabuwa. Don haka, an yi imanin cewa sau biyu, a Glasgow da Edinburgh, ya kusan aure, amma don wani dalili ba haka ba.

A sakamakon haka, masanin kimiyya ya kashe dukan rayuwarsa tare da mahaifiyarsa, wanda ya mutu kawai shekaru shida kafin danta, kuma dan uwan da ya kasance tsohuwar bawa. Masu binciken masana kimiyya suna jaddada cewa a cikin gidansa yana amfani da abinci na Scottish na al'ada kullum, ana amfani da al'adun gida.

Ka'idar Tattalin Arziƙi

Amma duk da haka mafi muhimmanci ayyukan kimiyyar dauke da rubutun "A Dũkiya na Duniya." An wallafa a 1776. Wannan rubutun ya ƙunshi littattafai biyar. Da farko, masanin tattalin arziki yayi nazarin dalilan da za a kara yawan aiki, kuma a sakamakon haka, rarraba samfurin a tsakanin ɗaliban mutane a hanyoyi.

Littafin na biyu ya kwatanta yanayin babban birnin, aikace-aikacensa da tarawa. Sa'an nan kuma ya biyo baya game da yadda ake ci gaba da wadata a cikin mutane daban-daban, to, ana la'akari da tsarin tattalin arziki. Kuma a cikin littafin ƙarshe, marubucin ya rubuta game da sakamakon da jihar da masarautar suka samu.

Wani sabon tsarin tattalin arziki wanda Adam Smith ya gabatar. Binciken ɗan adam, kalmomi da kuma adhorisms suna sananne ga dukan masu sha'awarsa. Babban shahararren magana shi ne cewa wani dan kasuwa wanda ba'a iya gani ba a kasuwa yana aikawa ne zuwa burin da ba zai yiwu ba. Smith a cikin littafinsa yana ba da ra'ayin kansa game da rawar da ke cikin tsarin tattalin arziki na jihar. Bayan haka ya zama sanannun ka'idar tattalin arziki.

Dangane da haka, gwamnati ta wajaba a dauki nauyin al'amurra na tabbatar da lafiyar rayuwar ɗan adam, da kuma ƙazantar da dukiyarta. Har ila yau, ya kamata ya taimaka wajen magance rikici tsakanin 'yan ƙasa bisa doka da adalci. Da yake taƙaitawa, zamu iya cewa jihar kamata ta dauki waɗannan ayyukan da mutum ba zai iya cika ba ko kuma zai yi shi ba daidai ba.

Smith ya zama masanin kimiyya na farko don bayyana ka'idojin tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Ya yi fushi da cewa kowane dan kasuwa yana ƙoƙarin cimma burin kansa da na sirri. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan lokaci, wannan yana amfana da dukan al'umma, koda kuwa wani dan kasuwa ba ya tunani game da shi ko bai so. Babban mahimmanci don cimma wannan sakamakon Smith ya kira 'yanci na tattalin arziki, wanda ya zama tushen dalili na ayyukan tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ya kamata a sami 'yancin shiga gasar, yanke shawara da zaɓin filin wasa.

Smith ya mutu a Edinburgh a shekarar 1790. Ya kasance shekara 67. Ya sha wahala daga cututtuka na hanji.