Social Capital: Saboda da tattalin arziki da kafuwa, gabatarwa da kuma model na tattalin arziki hali

gabatarwar

Ci gaban tattalin arziki, kazalika da tattalin arziki hali na yawan - wadannan batutuwa ne dacewa ga Rasha a cikin mahallin na duniya. Search for mafi kyau duka ci gaban tattalin arziki da dalilai a cikin mahallin da al'adu da kuma al'adunmu na kasar za alhakin duniya trends da zai ba da damar Rasha sami nasu hanyar ci gaba da kuma shawo kan matsalolin da ya ke kafe a cikin al'adun kamfanin dake da wata, domin masana kimiyya sun zama key batun. A tattalin arziki hali na yawan jama'ar, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin key yanayi na canji na jama'a, ya sa ta hanyar wasu zamantakewa da m sunadaran da kafa tattalin arziki halaye da kuma imani, kuma a lokaci guda ta daidaitawa su.

A ra'ayi na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a halin yanzu lokaci, bisa ga wasu masana kimiyya, kuma an hade tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki, gina al'umma, goyon baya ga sake fasalin harkokin, samuwar sirri alheri, hijirarsa da kuma sauran mamaki (ga., Misali, Putnam, RD (1996) 'The m bacewar Civic Amurka '. a cikin American Prospect PP 7-24; Coleman, JC (1988)' Social babban birnin kasar, a cikin halittar mutum babban birnin kasar 'American Journal of ilimin halayyar, Vol 94: PP 95-S120 da sauransu) ... . Social babban birnin kasar a Bugu da kari ga ta ajiya Properties ta hanyar yin amfani da aikin sanya wa ayyuka na wasu f riba ORM babban birnin kasar, misali, mutum ko tattalin arziki. Kadan da aka sani ne da la'akari da zamantakewa da babban birnin kasar a cikin tsarin na zamantakewa da m bincike, inda manufar da aka fahimta a matsayin tsarin dangantakar, "da totality of m dangantaka da inganta jiki da kuma m alheri na daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi, ba su da danne sauran batutuwa na tattalin arziki tsarin" (nakalto a al'adu dabi'u da kuma model. tattalin arziki hali ... 2011, p. 258).

Da la'akari da zamantakewa da babban birnin kasar kamar yadda wani m inji na tattalin arziki hali, shi ne babban maƙasudin na aikin mu. Bi da bi, da kima na tattalin arziki hali da aka auna da tattalin arziki ra'ayoyi da halaye, kazalika da mafi hankula da kuma harkar muhimmanci ga zaman kungiyoyin siffofin tattalin arziki hali - da hali na tattalin arziki da labari, wanda da za a tattauna a kasa.

Mun kirkiro da msar tambayar jarrabawa binciken na mu: zamantakewa babban birnin kasar da aka juna tare da tattalin arziki da halaye da kuma imani, kazalika da kimomi da tattalin arziki model na hali. Bugu da ƙari, shan la'akari da halin da ake ciki musamman a Rasha kuma mafi muhimmanci ta bijiro da batun kafa kabilu, muka ɗauka cewa akwai bambance-bambance a cikin dangantaka ayyana sigogi a wakilan kabilun daban-daban.

The aikin kunshi sassa biyu. Na farko shi ne wani analytical review na kwanan nan wallafe a fannin nazarin zamantakewa babban birnin kasar da kuma tattalin arziki, da tattalin arziki da hali, mu yi musamman da girmamawa a kan shawara na rigima al'amurran da suka shafi da ka'idar zamantakewa babban birnin kasar tasiri a kan tattalin arziki da suke da su, gano illa abubuwan da ake alama a cikin wannan batun. A kashi na biyu na gabatar da sakamakon empirical bincike a kan ayyana theme, ba zai yiwu fassarar da dangantaka da kuma tara binciken.

Irfanin review: sadarwar da matsaloli na zamantakewa da babban birnin kasar da kuma tattalin arziki gaskiya

Idan akai la'akari da sakamakon nazarin a kan ajali batu, saka da cewa da fari, kõwane ɗaya daga cikinsu yana amfani da wani takamaiman definition of social babban birnin kasar, wani lokacin da abun ciki shi ne daban-daban a cikin marubuta daban-daban.

Fahimta CAPITAL da kuma tattalin arziki

Akwai nazarin da nufin nazarin tasirin zamantakewa babban birnin kasar dukan tattalin arziki hali da kuma halin tattalin arzikinsu a kasar. Amma shi kuma dauke da m halin da ake ciki, a lokacin da ci gaban tattalin arziki ne impetus ga samuwar zaman babban birnin kasar.

A farkon an sharhin, an ɗauko daga Yang Chu tattaunawa (Yuan K. Chou, 2005), wanda na nazarin matakan da zamantakewa babban birnin kasar tasiri a kan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki gaskiya. Rubuta bayan da magabata bayar da hujjar cewa giciye-kasa bambance-bambance a cikin magana da zaman babban birnin kasar suna niyyar su babban har nauyin da jihar don tallafa wa jama'a dangantakar da kuma kungiyoyi. (Yuan K. Chou, 2005). Marubucin ya jaddada cewa, a cikin yin amfani da social babban birnin kasar, a wani zaman tattaunawa ko yin kasuwanci, zamantakewa babban birnin kasar kamar yadda data kasance cements zamantakewa shaidu da kuma gina sabon matakan. Ba tare da tattalin arziki da goyon baya daga gwamnatin da kyau tasiri na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a cikin al'umma za a wuya da kuma al'amuran tattalin arziki a sau da yawa daukan da tilasta hali [1]. Jihar support, da low matakin na tattalin arziki babban birnin kasar da kuma ci gaba suna (ana da raya) ne a Kyakyawar dangantaka na ci gaba da ci gaban dalilai a cikin al'umma (Ann Dale, Lenore Newman, 2010). Social babban birnin kasar ne da wani babban tabbatacce tasiri a kan ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma kuma mafi yawansu shi ne a cikin kasashen da barga mulkin demokra] iyya, wadanda a cikinsu akwai kawai fitowan da tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali, zaman babban birnin kasar ba ya kawo ake so tabbatacce tasiri a cikin rashi na goyon bayan daga jihar (Babken V. Babajanian, 2008).

Alal misali, Philip Mladovski da Ellis Mosilyalos karatu CBHI kasa da kasa shirin ( «Community-Based Health Insurance» - kiwon lafiya inshora a kan tushen da membobinsu a wani musamman al'umma), an halitta su kula da kiwon lafiya a matalauta kasashen, mun gano cewa, matakin na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a cikin al'umma yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan nasara ko rashin cin nasara na kula da ayyukan da kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyi. Daya daga cikin sunadaran ake magana a mayar da hankali kan bukatun da kasuwar (ie, da matakin na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar). A aras yawan intercompany dangantaka iya har ma da rage tasiri na a cikin matakan da hankali karawa cin hanci da rashawa klienttsentrizma da yayi don gudanar da wani kudi ma'amaloli ta na yau da kullum da ilimi, yayin da cudanya da muhimmancin zaman babban birnin kasar, a cikin wani nau'i na sana'a dangantaka (tare da gwamnatin, ba na gwamnati kungiyoyin,} ananan hukumomi, ciki da waje bangaren lafiya ) ne factor na nasara (Philipa Mladovsky, Iliya Mossialos, 2008).

Akwai ma bambamcin data, bisa ga abin da abubuwa na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar (dõgara, juriya, bambancin da jama'a), kamar yadda harbingers na haihuwa} ungiyoyin jama'a, da wani tasiri a kan ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankin, amma kawai a wasu al'adu riƙa, wato a lokacin da gwama data na kasashen yamma da kuma gabas zuwa misali na Japan (Westlund da Calidoni, 2010). A mawallafa na wani binciken gudanar a Japan, ganin wani bayanin da wannan sabon abu a cikin wani karfi Japan muhimmancin na yau da kullum kungiyoyin, da lambar kuma adadin (da zai yiwu sigogi na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar da aka ba auna a cikin nazarin), - wato, waɗanda unaccounted domin yanayi da cewa suna da daya daga cikin mafi iko musababin da hali na Japan da kuma, a gaskiya, ya zama ji na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar na wani musamman jama'a ..

Ci gaba da taken bayar da bayanin da wani nazari a 2008, gudanar da Jan Fidrmuk da Clarita Gertshani (Jan Fidrmuc, Klarita Gërxhani, 2008), inda marubuta amfani da canji, kamar jama'a hallara, dõgara a matsayin zamantakewa babban birnin kasar ji, da yawa daga social networks, sadaukarwa, da nazarin sakamakon, da mawallafa idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon da wakilan kasashen gabas da yamma, ta hanyar tsakaita irin wannan canji a matsayin kudin shiga, tattalin arziki yi na kasar da kuma ci gaban da hukumominta. Karshe sakamakon ya tabbatar da jarrabawa na mawallafa: da bambance-bambance a cikin mataki na zaman jama'a babban birnin kasar ya gagarumin ban da controllable dalilai, kuma ya bace a karkashin su iko. A mawallafa gama daga wannan bambancin na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a cikin al'ummu mabambanta da kuma al'adu, wanda aka ƙaddara, a maimakon haka, matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma aka zata rauni ne na zamantakewa cibiyoyin, musamman cikin ruwan dare na cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma ba, kamar yadda a baya tunani, da Legacy of kwaminisanci baya.

Fahimta CAPITAL da tattalin arziki hali

A wani binciken da Wei Cheng, sadaukar da katin shaida na da tasiri na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a kan bidi'a, yafi a kungiyoyin, shi ya nuna cewa uku girma: tsarin, fahimi da kuma tsarin na dangantaka - tare da nunawa wani hadadden tsarin da tasiri a kan m hali na kasar Sin manajoji. Group size, da ƙarfin dangantaka, matsayi, tsarin gibba aka bayyana a matsayin fahimi zaman babban birnin kashi da kuma yawan raba bayanai da kuma ikon tsakanin mambobin kungiyar, wanda, bi da bi, Yãna halitta sharadi gwargwado ga tayin da m aiki. Trust da kuma raba norms da kyau tasiri a kan m hali, amma shi aka yi sulhu tsakani da, bi da bi, da irin dõgara, kuma a mataki a cikin abin da akwai sababbin abubuwa (Wei Zheng, 2010). Hakazalika Veybing Zhao ya nuna cewa tsarin girma na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar da aka gaskiya ma dangantaka da matakin na tsanani kamar yadda harkokin kasuwanci da ruhu, da kuma tare da wani yiwuwar halittar kasuwanci a cikin yawon shakatawa kansu. Ji dangantakar tsarin ya nuna a Kyakyawar dangantaka tare da iya aiki ga harkokin kasuwanci, amma shi ba ya nuna wani gagarumin tarayya, tare da halittar kasuwanci. Fahimi matakin nuna wani gagarumin ƙungiyoyi a lokuta biyu (Weibing Zhao, 2011).

Laboratory gwaje-gwaje da Bruno Frye kuma Stefan Meyer (Frey. Meier, 2004), a Jami'ar Zurich dalibai, mayar da hankali a kan yadda za zaman babban birnin kasar (wato, ya gane matakin na prosocial hali) rinjayar da irin wannan hali na dalibai. Ga shekara bakwai shi da sanya idanu da hali na dalibai da biyan kudin domin horo, a lokaci guda dalibai da aka tambayi don ba da sadaka a kananan adadin dalibi support asusu. Daliban dake cikin gwaji da aka raba kungiyoyin: daya kungiyar ruwaito data a kan wani m yawan gudunmawar a cikin sauran - babban kashi, a cikin na uku - a binciken da aka gudanar a ranar da ana tsammanin matakin na da gudummawa. A sakamakon ya nuna cewa, da farko, da hakan su ne dalibai 'tsammanin game da yawan kyaututtuka daga wasu, da mafi kusantar da cewa za su ba da sadaka ga asusun. Na biyu, lokacin da dalibai ruwaito cewa yawanci ba da kyauta ga duka kudi, su shirye kama hali ƙwarai karu (Frey. Meier, 2004). A general, Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa shi ne prosocial hali da aka fi mayar da m da bayanai a kan prosocial hali na sauran mutane ko ra'ayoyi game da wannan hali.

Luka Crudeli diddigin tattalin arziki aiki a cikin Sphere na haya daga wasu kasashe. A cewar marubucin, co-aiki dangantaka sau da yawa faruwa a kasashe masu tasowa a matsayin tutu tattalin arziki hali suna dauke da tattalin arziki da dama da kuma interpersonal dangantaka, maimakon a cikakke ra'ayi na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar. (Luca Crudeli, 2006).

A cikin misali na Indian al'umma a 'yan adawa ga theories na amfani tasiri na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a kan tattalin arzikin na al'umma, masu tasowa, da yammacin masu bincike, Aljanna Dzhey Das ya nuna yadda talauci kudi ar high matakin na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar, ba ta da fitarwa na ga wuri, sai dai na goyon bayan shi. Marubucin ya yi nazarin norms na cin da tallafawa juna, suna hali na matalauta aiki na India yawan (misali, arziki na abinci da kuma abubuwan da bashi ko don wucin gadi amfani) a matsayin tilasta dangantaka na yawan m na duniya karin dogaro da juna da kuma arziki na rashin zaman lafiya, a yi aron ayyuka da kuma tallafawa juna, tabbatar da rayuwa, amma ba blagotvorstvuyuschie tattalin arziki aiki da ƙuduri na wuri. Communication, bisa ga mawallafin, suna da muhimmanci idan akwai wani raba cewa da kansu ba su yin mutane aukaka ko poorer. Saboda haka, marubucin muhimmancin gaske yana babu zaman babban birnin kasar, da kuma zamantakewa matsayi, aji da kuma kayan matsayi na yawan jama'ar, wanda tsara da kuma kafa wani tattalin arziki da dangantakar tsakanin mutane (Raju J Das, 2004).

Fasali na Social birnin kasar da kuma al'adu da kuma tattalin arziki yanayi

Yana da daraja ambata wani binciken a kan hali na Rasha gudanar da wani sabon ƙarni na 'yan kasuwa (samun Ilmin ko akai-akai tafiyad a waje abokan aiki) a cikin kasuwanci yanayi. Its nufin ya da bayani na mai saɓani data game da low matakin na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a cikin al'umma matakin da sosai high - a kan wani sirri halayyar Rasha, wato, Gano al'adar sharadi aunawa zaman babban birnin kasar. Amfani da ji na zamantakewa babban birnin samarwa da Napier da Goshaly (dangantakar tsarin, fahimi da kuma tsarin girma) Bela Butler da kuma Sharon Porchas dokoki model na cibiyar sadarwa na dangantaka a cikin Rasha kamfanoni. A sakamakon binciken da suka data-zurfin tambayoyi da tara masu ko shugabannin Rasha kamfanoni. A mawallafa nuna cewa Rasha manajoji tsarin zamantakewa babban birnin bangaren da aka nuna a gaskiyar cewa tsohon sadarwa a cikin kasuwanci yanayi, gina a kan ilimi, ƙarfi, damar, da amincewa da kuma ikon suna goyon idan suna da amfani, yayin da sabon sadarwa an halicci kan kwarewa da kuma aminci. A ma'auni tsarin dangantakar marubuta sun jaddada muhimmancin da halayyar Rasha sadaukar, suna kuma dogara. Wadannan dalilai da damar da Rasha, ba biya da hankali ga lambobin da Figures, da su zuba jari a wani musamman shawara ko don taimaka wa, ba dogaro gajere dawo, da kuma zuba jari a cikin dogon lokacin da hadin gwiwa. (Bella Butler da kuma Sharon Purchase, 2008).

Bisa ga latest data daga Rosstat, bincika Manuniya na da aikin yi da rashin aikin yi a cikin yankunan na Caucasus, 38% na mazauna aka mai suna a matsayin babban tushen samun kudin shiga dogara, kuma 25% - amfana. A mafi yawan marasa aikin yi rates an ruwaito a cikin Ingushetia - 42,4% da kuma Chechnya - 40,2%, idan aka kwatanta da Rasha talakawan na game da 7%. A daidai wannan lokaci da yawan jama'a na Arewa Caucasus nuna wata babbar yawan 'yan kasuwa a yawan jama'a da 8.2% idan aka kwatanta da 3.4% ga Rasha a matsayin dukan. Bukatarsa ce cewa kasuwanci a irin wannan babban matakin da rashin aikin yi da kuma yanke ƙauna (yawan kusan babu trends a aiki search) ne wani tutu tilasta harkokin kasuwanci. Yi ya nuna cewa akan rage tallafin da, ba kawai ba ta ƙarfafa mutane su sabon siffofin tattalin arziki hali, amma kuma qara matakin na hijirarsa na yawan da wani karuwa a tashin hankali. (Employment, E. Resource). Ganin wadannan bayanai, shi ne zama dole ya zama m game da mu da sakamakon, da sanin cewa ba za a iya rangwame cewa rikicin tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki da cewa a halin yanzu Marinjãyi a cikin Caucasus da kuma tattalin arziki yanayi da cewa ko da kuwa mai tsanani daga wasu zamantakewa babban birnin kasar sigogi so asali dalilai na wani hali.

Hanyoyin da empirical bincike

Mahalarta a cikin binciken.

A binciken da aka gudanar a bakwai Rasha yankuna. Kabilun da aka gabatar da Rasha wakilan mutanen Arewa Caucasus Caucasus (Chechens, Ossetians da Ingush) da Tatars, a total number of 1286 mutane.

Domin ganewa na kabilanci siffofin a cikin dangantaka mu shared a selection a kan wadannan ka'ida:

1. Daga cikin rukuni na Rasha weights aka zaba wakilai daga Moscow (321 mutane) da yankuna (da Chechnya Jamhuriyar, da Jamhuriyar Arewa Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Magadan yankin, Stavropol Abuja.) Ƙidayar 355 mutane.

2. Daga cikin wakilan da yankuna wakilta da wadannan kabilun:

Ingush, Ossetians, Chechens. Table 1 nuna wani karin cikakken bayanin irin binciken samfurin.

Table 1. Halaye na binciken samfurin

yankin

kabila

Number weights

Paul

Husband / matar

Shekaru

Moscow da Moscow

Rasha

321

178 maza

143 mata

Min: 16

Max: 64

Tsakãtsaki ce: 40

Magadan Yankin

Rasha

223

101 miji

Mata 122

Min: 17

Max: 70

Tsakãtsaki ce: 26

Jamhuriyar Arewa Ossetia-Alania

Ossetians

100

57 miji

43 mata

Min: 15

Max: 82

Median: 37

Rasha

25

8 miji

17 mata

Min: 16

Max: 71

Median: 40

Jamhuriyyar Chechen

Chechens

105

39 miji

65 mata

Min: 18

Max: 59

Median: 24

Jamhuriyar Ingushetia

Ingus

109

54 miji

55 mata

Min: 17

Max: 60

Median: 23

Yankin Stavropol

Rasha

103

49 miji

54 mata

Min: 19

Max: 60

Median: 31.5

Jimlar

1066

640 miji

644 mata

Min: 15

Max: 82

Tsakãtsaki ce: 31

Masana'antu da masu canji. Wannan tambayoyin ya ƙunshi hanyoyi masu zuwa.

1. Hanyoyi don tantance babban birnin zamantakewa,

2. Mahimmanci don nazarin fahimtar tattalin arziki da dabi'u;

3. Hanyar hanyoyin al'amuran tattalin arziki.

4. Block na bayanan sirri.

1. Mahimmanci don nazarin babban birnin jama'a. Da abun da ya ƙunshi hada da kimantawa na sigogi masu zuwa:

A) sanadiyar zamantakewar al'umma (hanya ta VI Chirkov);

B) matakin amincewa da juna, an ƙaddamar da ƙididdigar daga lissafin bincike na Duniya;

C) haƙuri ga wakilan sauran kungiyoyi: 'yan tsiraru, wasu bangaskiya,' yan tsirarun jima'i, mutane da wasu ra'ayoyin siyasa;

D) asalin jama'a (GI). Sashen biyu na asali na 'yanci an tantance su:

A. "Ƙarfin" (tsananin) na ainihi na asali.

B. Valencia (digiri na haɓaka) na ainihi na asali.

2. Yanayin tattalin arziki da halaye;

a) Tattalin gabatar da mutum:

- ra'ayin da za a canza lafiyarka a cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata;

- ra'ayin da za a canza a zaman lafiyar su a cikin shekara mai zuwa;

Wadannan tambayoyin suna aro daga aikin (Psychology na zamani ..., 2002).

b) Tattalin shigarwa na mutum:

An ba masu amsa tambayoyin da suka nuna irin wannan hali kuma an nemi su bayyana ma'anar yarjejeniya da shi a kan sikelin 5 daga 1 ("ba daidai ba") zuwa 5 ("cikakke yarda").

1) Tsayawa ga 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki.

2) Tsayawa ga kulawar tattalin arziki.

3) Yi la'akari da gamsuwa da matakin jin daɗin rayuwa.

Wadannan tambayoyi sun gabatar da su ne daga ma'aikatan bincike-bincike kuma an fara buga su a aikin N.M. Lebedeva da A.N. Tatarko "Abubuwan al'adu da ci gaban al'umma" (Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2007).

3. Hanyar hanyoyin al'amuran tattalin arziki.

Bisa ga yadda za'a tsara hanyar, Mista Smith da abokan aikinsa suka ci gaba, wani tsari mai ban mamaki. Bisa la'akari da nauyin nau'i na 10 (ƙaddamar da sikelin Likert) na al'ada, al'amuran zamantakewa na tattalin arziki, an tsara wasu yanayi musamman don tantance halin halayyar tattalin arziki. An baiwa mai amsa tambayoyin, yana zabar hali na daya daga cikin jarumi, don kimanta shi a cikin ma'auni 3 ("yarda" / "yarda" / "cikakke yarda") akan sigogi uku:

(A) halin halayen da yake so kuma da wane nauyin;

(B) yadda mai amsa ya yarda ya yi daidai da daya daga cikin jarumi;

(C) halayyar ɗayan haruffan da kuma yadda har ma wakilai na mutane suke, da wanda mai amsa ya kasance.

Ka lura cewa bincike bai yi amfani da bayanai game da tsarin na uku ba game da halin da ake ciki - wani bangare na yanayin hali na hali.

Yi la'akari da ma'auni na lalata na al'amuran yanayin tattalin arziki:

1. "Matakan tattalin arziki - cin gashin kansu na tattalin arziki."

2. "Ajiye lokaci - ceton kuɗi."

3. "Tsarin lokaci - daidaitaccen hangen nesa (hangen zaman gaba) a cikin halayyar tattalin arziki."

4. "Rushewa - tattalin arziki."

5. "Tattaunawar tattalin arziki - rashin fahimtar tattalin arziki."

6. "Sanin samun riba a kan doka shi ne fifiko na doka akan riba".

7. "Tattalin Arziki - haɓaka tattalin arziki".

8. "Karɓa - rashin yarda da amfani da rance a rayuwar yau da kullum".

9. "Rarraba kudaden kudi don daidaitawa - adalci."

10. "Mafi fifiko ga yawan albashi shine fifiko na kerawa a aiki".

Lura cewa tsarin halin tattalin arziki yana ƙunshe da kwasfa guda biyu, yayin da ƙirar da ke nuna matakan ci gaba (amfanawar tattalin arziki, daidaitaccen lokaci, ƙwarewar kerawa a aiki, da dai sauransu) tare da karuwar darajar suna nuna karuwar alamar. Wato, ya fi girma darajar mai nuna alama, da cigaba da cigaban tattalin arziki ya nuna.

A block na bayanan sirri hada da tambayoyi game da weights 'shekaru, yankin, jima'i, kabila da kuma sauran al'amurran da suka shafi, kimantawa da zamantakewa da alƙaluma da halaye, wanda ake sa'an nan amfani da su bayyana samfurin da kuma rabuwar kabilanci subgroups.

An gudanar da aikin bayanai tare da amfani da SPSS 17.0 na tsarin kididdiga (nazarin rikice-rikice, hanyar shigar da takardar izinin shigarwa tare da kula da jima'i da kuma shekaru).

Sakamakon jarrabawar

Harkokin dangantaka da halayyar tattalin arziki da hasashe zuwa ga jama'a

Ka yi la'akari da sakamakon sakamakon ƙaddamarwa na ɓangarorin jama'a na tattalin arziki tare da halayyar tattalin arziki da hasashe na kabilanci. Na farko, bari mu kula da sakamakon wakilan Rasha daga Moscow da yankuna, sa'an nan kuma zuwa yankuna. A cikin fassarar, za mu mayar da hankali ga Table 2 na ƙididdiga masu yawa na alamomi na manyan zamantakewa don kungiyoyin masu amsawa. Gaba ɗaya, darajar alamun nuna bambancin kabilanci sunyi kama da bambancin darajar cikin kasa da ɗaya aya.

Tebur 2. Matsakaicin dabi'u na alamomi na babban gari a cikin kungiyoyin masu amsawa

Alamar

A matsakaita,

Rasha, Muscovites

Matsakaicin, Rasha,

Yankuna

A matsakaita,

Ingus

Matsakaici, Ossetians

A matsakaita,

Chechens

GI valence

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.6

4.3

GI tsanani

4.7

4.9

4.2

5.0

4.3

Ganin babban birnin kasar

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.6

Haƙuri

2.8

3.4

2.7

3.1

3.0

Haɗin kan dangi

3.5

3.1

3.2

3.4

4.0

The komawa da baya sakamakon nuna cewa akwai daya muhimmiyar tsakanin ƙungiyar da kafuwa a kan tattali 'yancin kai da kuma wani nuna alama na jama'a ainihi valence wakilan Rasha Moscow ne "0,21" a kan muhimmancin matakin na p <0.01 tare da yawan bayyana sãɓã wa jũna, sunã daidaita da kawai 0,04. A bayyane yake, akwai abubuwan da ba a san su ba dangane da gaskiyar cewa ɓangaren da aka kwatanta ya bambanta a wannan samfurin ƙananan ne. Mutum zai iya ɗauka cewa halin kirki ga 'yan ƙasa na mutum zai taimaka wajen sha'awar yin rayuwa mai zaman kanta da kuma cimma nasarar, wanda za'a iya bayyanawa cewa mutum yayi nazarin ba kawai dan kasa ba, har ma da damar da yanayin da yake bayarwa. Don Moscow, ya kamata a lura da cewa, yanayin da ake da shi ga bunkasa tattalin arziki da 'yancin kai sun fi dacewa da sauran yankuna na Rasha, kamar yadda yawancin baƙi suka nuna cewa suna neman babban birnin don samun damar gwada makomar su kuma cimma nasara.

Yanzu juya ga sakamakon a kan zabi na Rasha yankuna (Table 3), inda uku nan da nan gano m connection. Mahimmancin ainihi na al'ada (wanda yawancin darajar wannan rukuni na masu amsa shine 4.9 daga cikin bakwai) yana hade da manufofin adawa guda biyu: 'yancin kai da tattalin arziki da kuma tattalin arziki.

Ƙara yawan karfin mutanen Rasha daga yankuna na ainihi ya zama daidai da kafa cewa an tsara koshin lafiya a kalla abu biyu, wato, aikin sirri da halin tattalin arziki na kasar. Gaba ɗaya, wannan dalili yana da mahimmanci ga kowane jihohi, inda ainihin mahimmanci na jin dadin al'umma shine alamu na zamantakewar tattalin arziki na kasar, duk da haka, ƙoƙarin kowa da aiki yana rinjayar bambancin biyan kuɗi da zamantakewa.

Teburin 3. Dangantakar tsakanin fahimtar babban birnin jama'a da halayyar tattalin arziki da hasashe akan samfurin Russia daga yankuna

(Jamhuriyyar Chechen, Jamhuriyar Arewa Ossetia-Alania, Jamhuriyar Ingushetia, Magadan Yankin, Yankin Stavropol) (N = 355)

Tattalin arziki da wasanni da kuma shigarwa

Alamar magajin gari

R2

Kira

Birtaniya

Haɗin kan dangi

Valentinov GI

Bayyana - Nosta GI

Haƙuri

Kafa don 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki  

0, 15 *

0.44

Kafa don kare lafiyar tattalin arziki

0, 16 *

0.43

Degree na gamsuwa tare da matakin jin daɗin rayuwa

0.17 ***

0.47

Lura: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0,001, R2 - gyara rabo na sãɓã wa jũna, β - daidaita coefficients na komawa da baya lissafi.

Ƙara yawan karfin amana yana da alaƙa da gamsuwa daga matakin jin dadin kansu. Watakila wannan yana nuna tasiri mai tasiri na babban zamantakewar jama'a kamar rage raguwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi, yana ƙarfafa mutane su yi gasa don samun fiye da wasu ta hanyar rashin amincewa da halin su.

Ya kamata a lura cewa idan samfurori na Rasha ba su da muhimmanci ga Muscovites na Rasha, yayin da suke bayanin halaye na wakilan wakilan Rasha daga yankuna, babban birnin kasar ya nuna ma'anarta (ko da yake rashin ƙarfi) tare da halayen maɗaukaka na mahaɗin ɓangaren ɓangaren da aka kwatanta.

Domin da Ingush (111 persons), daya kadai connection ne na ilimin kididdiga gagarumin: shigarwa na tattalin arziki paternalism barnatar da dangantaka da ya gane zamantakewa babban birnin kasar (-0.3 a kan wani muhimmanci matakin na p <0.01, da kuma yawan bayyana sãɓã wa jũna 0.1.

Ta haka ne, zamu iya cewa yawancin mutanen Ingush suna da tabbaci a halin kirki na yanayin su, ƙananan sun yi imanin cewa lafiyar su ya dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki na kasar, wato, a cikin yanayi na waje. Bari mu tuna da bayanan da aka yi akan 42.4% rashin aikin yi a Ingushetia da kuma halin mutane don rayuwa a kan amfanin, kuma kada a canza yanayin tattalin arziki da suke kewaye da su. Ana iya ganin cewa za a iya taka rawar wani rawar da za a iya takawa ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa lafiyar mutum ta dogara ne kawai a kan yanayin tattalin arziki a kasar da ƙananan ƙididdiga na jama'a (Table 1) ya ƙaddara.

Domin Ossetin (Table 4) saukar da shi kawai biyu gagarumin halaye na sadarwa da kuma shigarwa na yakin shaidarka a tattalin arziki paternalism kashi watsawa a cikin bayanin 0.2: valence yakin ainihi hade da wannan nuna alama korau "-0,35", kuma da tsananin kyau "0.4" . Kasashen Ossetians ba su da tabbas a matsayin wakilan kasar kuma yawancin suna jin kansu a matsayin 'yan ƙasa, yawancin suna jin dogara ga yanayin tattalin arziki na Rasha. Ya kamata a lura da rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa da halin siyasar Ossetia a tsakanin Georgia da Rasha, wanda kowannensu bai yarda ya ba da damar yin tasiri a kasar zuwa iyakar wata ƙasa ba. A halin yanzu, Ossetians na iya jin irin wannan matsin lamba daga kasar, saboda sakamakon halin da ake dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki na Rasha za ta ci gaba, tare da mummunan ra'ayi game da halin mutum.

Table 4. hulda da ma'aunai na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar da kuma tattalin arziki shigarwa da kuma Ossetians wakilci a kan wani samfurin (N = 100)

Ekonomicheskiepredstavleniya da kafuwa

Alamar magajin gari

R2

Kira

Birtaniya

Haɗin kan dangi

Valentinov GI

Bayyana - Nosta GI

Haƙuri

Kafa don kare lafiyar tattalin arziki

0.3 na 5

0.4 *

0.2

Lura: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 shine sashi mai gyara na bambancin, kuma β shine ma'auni na daidaitattun ka'ida.

Muhimmanci da sakamakon a wani samfurin na Chechens komawa da baya analysis ya nuna cewa nuna yiwuwar wani low, m, ko da wani hadadden sakamako na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar a kan tattalin arziki da halaye Chechens.

Hadin zumunci da tsarin zamantakewar tattalin arziki tare da babban gari

Sakamakon binciken ragewa ya nuna cewa babu wata matsala mai kyau don bayyana fasalin yanayin tattalin arziki ta hanyar masu rikitarwa masu zaman kansu-alamomi na babban birnin jama'a akan samfurin Russia (duka daga Moscow da kuma daga yankuna). Mafi yawan yawan mahimmanci da nau'i daban-daban bisa ga sakamakon samfurin ana lura tsakanin Ossetians da Ingush.

Bari mu fara da farko samfurin na Ingush (Table 5), inda gagarumin coefficients na tabbatar da dalilin model dogara ne a kan sakamakon da komawa da baya analysis bai wuce darajar 0,19, na nuna cewa wani rauni daga cikin model, duk da haka, Notes cewa akwai trends.

Table 5. Ji na zamantakewa babban birnin kasar Contact yanayi Ingushians rated a kan wani samfurin (N = 111)

Misalin yanayin halayyar tattalin arziki

Alamar magajin gari

R2

Kira

Birtaniya

Haɗin kan dangi

Valentinov GI

Magana na GI

Haƙuri

"Tattalin arziki"

Emotz. Preference

-

Shirya

-0.36 *

0.11

"Bayani na doka akan riba"

Emotz. Preference

0.29 **

0.19

Shirya

0.31 **

0.16

"Matsayi na kerawa a aikin"

Emotz. Preference

0,25 **

-0.36 **

0.12

Shirya

-

Lura: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 shine sashi mai gyara na bambancin, kuma β shine ma'auni na daidaitattun ka'ida.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin gwargwadon daidaito ga ma'auni na tsari na tsarin tattalin arziki "haɓakar tattalin arziki" tare da mai bayyana mahimmanci na mutum (4.2 points) ya isa ga bincike na zamantakewar al'umma "-0.36", za a iya fassara su kamar haka. Rashin karuwa a cikin tunanin da ake da na Rasha zai iya rage buƙatar masu sauraron Ingush su dauki wani mataki don fahimtar damar tattalin arziki da kuma inganta halin da suke ciki ta tattalin arziki, ta hanyar maye gurbin waɗannan tambayoyin zuwa jihar. Za mu iya cewa, haka ne Ingus ya saba nuna amincewarsu a jihar, yana ba shi damar magance matsalolin tattalin arziki.

Ana iya ɗauka cewa matsayi na mutanen da ke cikin manyan jihohi (wanda yake nunawa a cikin mai bayyane na ainihi) na iya zama dalilin dalili na halin kirki, yana nuna wani matsayi na matsayi na mutane. Nan da nan duka ma'auni na samfurin "Matsanancin doka akan riba" an haɗa shi da mai nuna alamar dogara tsakanin interpersonal (maki 3.2) a matakin 0.3. Sadarwa tana nuna halin duniya na tasiri mai tasiri na babban gari (kuma mafi yawan dogaro) a kan kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a, halin halayen shari'a, wanda yawancin masu bincike suka tabbatar (alal misali, Rizwan Ali, Mian Muhammad Farooq, da dai sauransu, 2011).

Shafuka guda biyu suna nuna nauyin kwarewa ga abinda ya kamata "rubutun kerawa a aiki" tare da amincewa tsakanin mutane da maki 3.2 (0.25) da kuma digiri na ainihin mutum 4.2 maki (-0.36). Hakazalika, ƙarfin rinjayar tasiri na dogara ga samuwar 'yanci da kuma kwarewa an ƙarfafa, duk da yake ana iya kallon sakonnin bayyanar mutum ta matsayin tsari mai mahimmanci dangane da dabi'un da suka gabata, ƙarfafa hali na tsarin mulki, samar da abubuwan da ake so na kwanciyar hankali, maimakon samun dama da nuna kai.

Magana zuwa Ossetin samfurin data (Table 6). Bari mu kula da hanyar da ta fi karfi, daidai da "0.74" tsakanin zabin da ake son zazzaɓin girman "tattalin arziki" da kuma mataki na ainihi na al'ada (maki 5), tare da ƙananan maɗaukaki kuma haɗuwa da ɓangaren basirar mutum (maki 4.6) 0.43 ". Wadannan hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa sun nuna tasiri na alamomi na ainihi game da halayyar halaye game da aikin tattalin arziki da kuma neman hanyoyin da za su zuba jari kamar yadda ya dace da fifita siffofin ƙira.

Table 6. Contact ma'aunai zaman babban birnin kasar yanayi Ossetians rated a kan wani samfurin (N = 100)

Misalin yanayin halayyar tattalin arziki

Alamar magajin gari

R2

Kira

Birtaniya

Haɗin kan dangi

Valentinov GI

GI magana

Haƙuri

"Yancin tattalin arziki"

Emotz. Preference

-

Shirya

-0.25 **

0.12

"Ajiyar lokaci"

Emotz. Preference

-0.38 **

0.16

Shirya

-

"Tattalin arziki"

Emotz. Preference

-0.43 *

0.74 **

0.22

Shirya

-

"Tattalin Arziki"

Emotz. Preference

0.32 *

0.1

Shirya

-

"Matsayi na kerawa a aikin"

Emotz. Preference

0.3 **

0.38 *

0.17

Shirya

-

Lura: * p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, R2 shine sashi mai gyara na bambancin, kuma β shine ma'auni na daidaitattun ka'ida.

Bugu da ƙari, tare da misali na Ossetians za'a iya ganin cewa karuwa a ji na kasancewa na {asar Russia na} ara yawan sha'awar tattalin arziki, ba kamar Ingus ba, inda ma'anar ta fuskanci kishiyar, amma kamar yadda tasirin valence yake ƙaruwa, haɗin ya ragu. Don haka, mafi girman hali game da 'yan kasa da kuma mafi girma da tunanin na kasancewa na Rasha, mafi girma da sha'awar ga halin kwaikwayon halin, inda jarumi nemi wasu siffofin zuba jari da kudi maimakon yin amfani da banki na banki har ma da rashin samun kudin shiga ba shi da wani rashin amincewa ga jihar, Manufofin neman 'yancin kai da kuma bincika hanyoyin zabi. Gaba ɗaya, sakamakon da ya rage ya nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin matakan da zaɓaɓɓun son zuciya tare da sigogi na babban gari, juyawa