Mene ne kasuwar yau? Amurka kasuwar jari da kuma Rasha don kwatanta

Mene ne kasuwar? A bayyane yake, wannan fili ya bayyana a cikin "game da dokokin" dokokin, wanda kasuwa mahalarta gudanar da kasuwanci ma'amaloli. Amma a lokaci guda - yana da tarihi hadisai, wanda aiki a matsayin dalilin kayyade dokokin gudãnar da tattalin arziki a tsakaninsu. Alal misali, hadisi na "girgiza hannun", da jam'iyyun za yi na farko yanke shawarar gudanar da wani ciniki ma'amala. To, wannan shirye-shirye suke yi da bin doka, a cikin wani nau'i na musamman yarjejeniya. Duk da haka, tun fil azal akwai kalma.

Idan muka magana game da abin da kasuwar, shi ke yawanci ba su nufi kasuwa a general, amma wani takamaiman tsari na tattalin arziki da aiki, a cikin abin da general "sharudda" saya mutum sauti. Dauki wannan kasuwar jari. A fili yake cewa muna magana ne game da cinikayya a Securities. Shi ne abu daya a lokacin da ta faru imuwa, a bazuwar (daji kasuwar), da kuma sauran - a kan tsarin dokoki, ba kyale 'yan wasa don su tsokane rikice-rikice a tsakãninsu, kuma a lokaci guda tsare da kasuwar sarari a matsayin hukumomi mutuncin tsarin. Regulation da kasuwar jari a wannan harka ne da za'ayi biyu ta hanyar daban-daban kudi sunadaran, da kuma ta hanyar sayar da kamfanin, ko resale kamfanoni a general. A cikin farko idan muna magana ne game da wani zalla kudi kida to "wasa" a kan darajar hannun jari na kamfanoni ko da kayayyakin. A karo na biyu - da al'adar capitalization, wanda aka kafa a kudi na ãdalci mallakar kamfanin, ƙara da zuba jari da kuma dabarun manufofin da manyan masu hannun jeri. Af, hannun jeri iya yanke shawara a kan wani m batu (batun) hannun jari, inda da rabo daga daya daga cikin masu za a iya wanke tafi ko, conversely, an mayar da hankali a cikin wannan hannuwanku.

Saboda haka, amsa tambaya "abin da ke cikin kasuwar," zamu iya cewa shi ne hadewa na hudu aka gyara: samarwa, da ikon mallakar, kudi babban birnin kasar, da kuma "dokokin wasan" a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

Wani abu da aka tilasta idan wasa mai adalci dokoki a cikin kudi game. To, akwai matsalar: idan ka riga da fahimtar abin da kasuwa shi ne, yadda za a yi da shi a cikin wani m, ku ciyar reinstitutsionalizatsiyu da kuma kafa "karfafa kankare" dokoki?

Alal misali, dubi yadda na Amurka stock kasuwar da aka tsara. Yana da aka raba tsakanin uku Mega tsarin:

• NYSE - New York Stock Exchange, wanda aiki da "haihuwa" kamfanonin da ke aiki a kusan dukkan sassa na tattalin arzikin Amurka.
• NASDAQ - Stock Exchange, aiki tare da "high-tech" matasa sha'anin halitta image da wani zamani "duniya na bayanai".
• AMEX - duk da cewa shi ne ainihin maigidan da NYSE, Stock Exchange ƙware a lantarki stock ciniki.

Saboda haka, American amsar wannan tambaya na abin da kasuwar ne a cikin sarari samar da fasaha da kuma masana'antu specialization kamfanoni, kazalika da saitin manyan al'amurra ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. A cikin hali na Amurka shi ne petrochemical hadaddun, hanya da kuma jirgin sama sassa da kuma "high fasahar".

Kamar yadda da dakunan da kasuwar jari na Rasha Federation? A halin yanzu akwai biyu na asali Tsarin:

• RTS - tsarin, sun shagaltar da yafi hadewa na shiyya kasuwanni a cikin wani aure kasuwar sarari. A wasu kalmomin, da Rasha kasuwar babu irin wannan.
• MICEX - wani analogue na American NYSE, wani irin capitalization daga cikin mafi muhimmanci dukiya na Rasha tattalin arzikin.

A sakamakon: da rashin guda ciki kasuwar bai ba mu damar magana game da kafa al'adar musayar ciniki, kazalika da rashin "core" kamfanonin - da locomotives na tattalin arzikin da ke sa shi ba zai yiwu ba don magana game da standardization na Rasha kasuwar jari.