Shogunate - yana da absolutist tsarin mulki a Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate

Segunat- ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci lokaci a cikin tarihi na Japan, tsakiyar zamanai, kuma a wannan zamanin. A karo na biyu Millennium a Japan, akwai da dama Shogunate, kowanne daga abin da gudummawar da samuwar na zamani kasar mafitar rãnã.

Sanadin da kuma ruhaniya kafuwar shogunate Minamoto

Kamar yadda ka sani, okin ya canza al'umma a cikin abin da akwai wata tabbata. A cikin shekaru goma sarautar babban halaye na siyasa da suka faru a kasar ya zama wani mulkin gargajiya rarrabuwa. A rashin karkashin shugabancin tsakiya da kuma hadin kai da take kaiwa zuwa tsanani tattalin arziki sakamakon da m soja tawayen cewa kawai hasãra da riga m Japan. Manyan dalilan da canza siyasa na'urar ne:

• mulkin gargajiya fragmentation.
• babu karfi tattalin arziki tsakanin yankuna.
• da raunanar da ikon da sarki.

A farko Shogunate wanzu daga 1192 zuwa 1335. Canje-canje a cikin rayuwar na kasar tare da kara rinjayar da koyarwar Zen addinin Buddha. Wannan koyaswar a hankali ya zama tartsatsi tsakanin soja da'irori. Wannan dangane addini sansanonin da kuma soja ikon da samurai kai ga fahimtar wadannan da'irori cewa ya kamata su yi mulki. Samurai da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban da Japan.

Shogunate - wani lokaci na gagarumin canji a Japan

Har farkon XIII karni, da matakin na ci gaba na kasar zauna musamman low. Wannan stagnation zai ci gaba da kuma ci gaba, idan ba akwai wani canji a cikin tunani da na wasu 'yan sojoji da mulkin gargajiya aristocracy, wanda ya zo ikon a karshen na XII karni.

Abin da canje-canje da suka faru bayan zuwa na shogun? Ka lura cewa nan da nan rai bai inganta ba, domin shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. A wancan lokaci, kamar yadda a yanzu, da yawa dogara a kan cinikayya aiki. A cikin mahallin da yawa tsibiran da kuma wani karamin yanki na ƙasar nasara sayarwa iya zama a ci gaba da jiragen ruwa. A mafi muhimmanci nasara ya ci gaba da shoguns tashar jiragen ruwa birane, da karuwa a cikin m marine. Alal misali, a cikin XI karni akwai kawai 40 fiye ko žasa da manyan birane, da kuma a cikin XVI karni, da yawan biranen zo mafi kusanta zuwa 300.

A zamanin da shogunate - An yaxu sana'o'i. Kamar yadda aka sani, a na da Turai, akwai craft nazarinsa. Masters, wanda ya zo a cikin shagon, za a iya aiki cikin nasara. Saboda haka a nan muna da hankali ya fara samar da ƙungiyoyi na sana'a. Similar ƙungiyoyi da aka kafa a cikin cinikin. A fili yake cewa hali kasuwanci tare da abokan dogaro, don haka sakamakon da samuwar irin wannan kungiya ta kashin da aka bayyananne.

A undoubted nasara na epoch na farko shogunate aka shawo kan mulkin gargajiya fragmentation. Babban irin ƙasar mulki a kasar sun zama kananan samurai allotments, wanda suka samu saboda aikin soja.

A dalilai domin Tarurrukan na shogunate a XVII karni

Tokugawa shogunate - a dauki na gargajiya Japan al'umma zuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru a jihar a tsakiyar biyu da rabi na XVI karni. The biyu zuwan na samurai to ikon, ya ta da ma'ana dalilai:

• ci gaba da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation.
• slowing ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar.
• fitowan na Turai motocin da cigaba da cinikayya tare da Portugal da kuma sauran kasashen Turai.

A mafi muhimmanci da kuma m ga Samurai theme ya fitowan da dan hanya abubuwa (Turawa) suka zo a cikin lamba tare da gargajiya jama'a kunshe da ƙarni cewa sun kiyaye kusa da lambobi tare da kwatankwacinsu kasar Sin ta al'ada da kuma Korea. Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa da kafa lambobi da Turai kuwa, ya mai ma'ana impetus habbaka gwagwarmayar halittar wani Karkasa karfi gwamnati.

Japan a cikin XVII-XIX ƙarni

A zamanin da shogunate - na bayyana absolutism a Japan. Hakika, kar ka manta game da wanzuwar fadar daular, amma da ikon da wadannan mutane da aka fi ruhaniya fiye da wadanda mutane. shogunate gwamnatin halitta a "rufaffiyar" jiha. A Japan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da aka haramta shigar da Turai jiragen ruwa. Idan kwatsam irin wannan jirgin yana cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, da ƙungiya kasance batun da azãba. Wannan kadaici dade na 250 da shekaru, har zuwa tsakiyar cikin XIX karni.

Idan muka magana game da Tokugawa Shogunate A takaice, wannan ne lokaci na jimlar matsa lamba a kan peasantry. Bisa ga ƙa'ida serfdom a kasar ba, amma da yawa baƙauye ƙasar har yanzu mallakar girma mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku. Daban-daban haraji, levies daga manoma, wanda aka gabatar a hukumance lissafta game da 60% na amfanin gona.

azuzuwan tsarin

Shogunate - wani tsarin gwamnati, wanda ya kamata ya ci gaba da haihuwa gargajiya tsarin. A Jihar wani aji tsarin da aka gabatar. A jama'ar da aka raba 4 kungiyoyin: manoma, sana'a, Samurai, Kasuwanci. Babban manufar wannan division: adana data kasance a lokacin da zamantakewa domin, a lokacin da ikon da shogun da kyakkyawan zarafi na samurai aka gane undeniable.

The m aji aka dauke da low estate na, amma da gaske shi ya samu gagarumar nasara fiye da manoma da kuma sana'a. A birni na ci gaba da bunkasa. A wannan lokaci a Japan ya fiye da 300 garuruwa da ƙauyuka. Dalili na raya birane ya kasance mai aiki cinikayya tsakanin tsibiran da kuma kasashe makwabta (China, Korea), kazalika da manyan yawan handicraft ƙungiyoyi.