Wannan ƙirƙira farko: kyandir ko gilashi? Tarihi na qirqire-qirqire

Domin amsa tambayar da aka ƙirƙira kafin - kyandir ko gilashin, da farko dubi tarihin na kyandir, sa'an nan glazed. Kuma kwatanta. Bari mu fara zuwa nutse a cikin tarihi na halitta na kyandirori.

tsoma-kyandir

Mutane amfani kyandirori a matsayin wani haske tushen game 5000 shekaru. Duk da yake da muhimmanci suna da a rayuwarmu, a daidai amsa tambaya daga lokacin da kyandir da aka kirkiro, babu wanda zai iya. Akwai theories cewa na farko da kyandir da aka ƙirƙira a zamanin d Misira game 3000 shekaru BC. Hakika, suka duba sosai daban-daban, da kuma daban-daban daga yau. Masar kyandirori sanya daga core rushes, kyauro bauta a mika wutar da aka a baya tsomasu a tsanake cikin kitsen dabba ba. Official ambaci wadannan haske kafofin tana nufin karni na goma BC. To, idan sun bayyanar wani lagwani sanya shi a cikin wani akwati cike da flammable bayani. Tarihi na kyandir tsoho Romawa ci gaba sosai m. Sun juya sa'an nan tsoma a cikin wani bayani na Papyrus kitse. Saboda gaskiya da wani ɓangare na bayani zauna a kan lagwani, sai ya sa kona. Wadannan kyandirori aka kira dipping, ta amfani da su rufe gidaje da kuma addini da wurin, suka dauka a kan hanya. Tartsatsi kyandirori samu ta hanyar da cheapness da samuwar mai, saboda an yi amfani da mutane da yawa ƙarni.

Malaman tarihi sun rubuta cewa wasu wayewar sanya kyandirori daga improvised wajen, ciki har da kwari ko shuke-shuke. Sin ta sanya kyandirori daga Twisted cikin wani bututu na lokacin farin ciki takarda, aiki a matsayin mai lagwani shinkafa takarda, kakin gauraye hatsi kwari. Japan kakin kyandir kerarre daga irin goro itatuwa.

taper kyandirori

Yadda ya yi da zamani kyandir? A tarihin samar da shi da dangantaka da XV karni. Har sai wannan lokacin, duk da kyandirori da aka tsoma. Daya kirkiro, wanda aka haifa a Faransa, ƙirƙira da Tapered kyandirori, wannan kakin da aka zuba a cikin riga ya gama mold. Sa'an nan da kitsen dabba da aka maye gurbinsu da beeswax, ya kyafaffen kasa, ƙara ƙone da smelled mafi alhẽri. Duk da haka, kudin da wadannan kyandirori da yawa mafi girma, domin an yi amfani ne kawai a cikin coci kuma a cikin gidajen da aristocracy.

Sauran hanyoyin da yin kyandirori

American mata sun sanya wani kananan amma muhimmanci samu samu ta hanyar shafe tsawon tafasar wasu Berry kakin konewa da kyau da kuma kyau sosai wari. Duk da haka, tun da wannan Hanyar kyandir yin laborious da lokaci cinyewa, shi ba yadu amfani.

A cikin XVIII karni ya ci gaba da whaling masana'antu, godiya ga wanda kyandirori sun kara wani sabon substrate - spermaceti. Wannan m abu da aka samu daga saman kai na maniyyi Whale. New kyandirori sun thicker kuma mafi m, wanda a yarda musu su ba narke a cikin zãfi.

A tarihin na qirqire-qirqire cewa rinjayi kyandir kasuwanci

XIX karni ya juyo domin samar da kyandirori. A 1820, wani sunadarai daga Faransa Mishel Shevrol kasaftawa stearic acid daga kitsen dabba ba. Sa'an nan ya zo da stearin kyandirori, wanda suka m, wuya da kuma tsabta kona. Wadannan kyandirori ne m zuwa yau a Turai.

Muhimmanci a cikin tarihi ne sunan Dzhozefa Morgana. Ya ƙirƙira na'urar da abin da dimbin yawa kyandirori za a iya samar ci gaba. Saboda da dabba ba a kanta Silinda Pistone wannan dabara a kan nasu inji rake up daga kyandir, bayan da suka bayar da umarnin rike.

A 1850, mun iya ware daga halitta abin da ke faruwa man fetur abu da kuma barrantar da shi. Saboda haka, a cikin yi na kyandirori fara amfani da paraffin. Wannan samfurin ana ƙone cleanly kuma smoothly, ya mai rahusa fiye da sauran combustibles, matsalar na low narkewa batu yanke shawarar bayan paraffin aka kara a wani m stearin acid.

A 1879, Thomas Edison ƙirƙira da Lagwani fitilar, sa'an nan da kyandirori fara yin amfani da ƙarin don ado dalilai.

zamani kyandirori

Kyandirori kasance a rayuwarmu to wannan rana a matsayin kayan ado kashi, kamar yadda wani ɓangare na samar da wani Sad yanayi ko tunani, ko kamar yadda na da kyau da kuma cute tsaraba. Aromatic kyandirori, m, ƙanana da manyan, zagaye da kuma square - duk wannan yana samuwa a yau ga kowa.

Tun da 1990, da shahararsa ta kyandirori da aka girma sake, mu fara duba ga sabon iri da kakin zuma ga kyandirori: daga dabino mai, soya da sauransu.

gilashin

Mene ne gilashin, da aka sani zuwa ga mutane da yawa, shi ne, ba wuya. Glass - wani amorphous abu. M daga gare za a iya samu ta hanyar sanyaya gami. A da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ke kewaye da mu suna yi na gilashi, ba tare da shi, da rayuwar mu ba zai zama haka dadi. Yaya mutane kasance kunã aikatãwa ba tare da madubai, glazed windows, kyau gilashin kwalabe, m da haske jita-jita? Shin ka taba tunanin idan ƙirƙira gilashi? Wannan talifin zai yi kokarin amsa ba kawai a kan wannan batun, za mu kuma kwatanta da bincika abin da aka ƙirƙira kafin - kyandir ko gilashi.

Tarihi na gilashi

An ban sha'awa jarrabawa aka samarwa mafi tsoho Greek Falsafa da kuma tarihi Pliny da Dattijon. Ya rubuta wani aiki mai suna "Natural History" a arni na farko BC. Tarihi da gilashi aka bayyana a matsayin wani labari ko da labari na zamanin d mariners.

Phoenician fatake kawo daga Afirka zuwa ship halitta soda tare gabashin tekun na Bahar Rum. A lokacin tafiya, suka kama wani babban hadari, kamar yadda sakamakon da jirgin a ɓoye, a cikin mafi kusantar harbor. Aka yanke shawarar zuwa jira mafi weather a kan rairayin bakin teku. Matafiya lit da wuta, ya yanke shawarar dafa abinci. Suka yi ta neman da cewa za ka iya saka wani babban kasko, amma a kan tudu ya komai da kuma dace ba su sami wani abu. Sai matuƙan jirgin suka kawo m tubalan soda, wanda aka fi dacewa kusata da wannan manufa. Da safe, da matuƙan samu a shafin na wuta da guda na wani ba a sani ba abu. Saboda haka, daga cakuda ash da yashi a karkashin high zazzabi kafa gilashi. Tarihi na qirqire-qirqire sau da yawa sabon abu da kuma sauki. The riwayan, ba shakka, a sosai girmamawa mutum, da version ne ban sha'awa, amma shi ne shi gaskiya?

A cikin karni na ashirin, mun yanke shawarar duba version of Pliny. Abin baƙin ciki, da gwaji kasa. Sai ya juya daga cewa wuta zafin jiki ne bai isa ba domin narke cikin gilashin. To, a lõkacin da ƙirƙira gilashi? Babu shakka cewa an halicce a wani yanayi daban-daban da kuma sauran mutane.

Glass Ancient Misira

The tambaya cewa da aka kirkiro da kyandir ko gilashi, shi ne har yanzu bude, amma masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa biyu daga cikin wadannan binciken kasance a cikin d ¯ a Masarawa. Gaskiyar cewa hurumin Masar Fir'auna farko gilashin kayayyakin, wanda shekaru da aka kiyasta a kusa da 9,000 years old aka samu. An yi imani da cewa gilashin da aka kirkiro da hatsari a lokacin da wata cakuda da yashi, kuma ash fadi a kan raw kumar kasko kafin harbe-harben. Zai yiwu samfurin ya sauki da kuma ba ya bukatar kulawa ta musamman, da kuma, haka ma, bayyananne turbayar ba sauki. Bayan harbe-harben, shi kafa wani bakin ciki gilashi Layer, kuma da saboda hankali, zai iya lura da shi. Ya iya kawai yin daidai ƙarshe. 5000 shekaru da suka wuce a Misira riga ya yi na gilashi ado, canza launin jita-jita, da kuma 3000 da suka wuce, ya riga ya bayyana gilashin kwalabe don adana turare. A farko gilashi, halitta mutum, wani greenish ko bluish saboda yashi ya impurities.

Venetian gilashi

Idan, duk da haka, ya zama m, shi ne ba mutumin ƙirƙira gilashin, shi ne ya halitta halitta da kanta, a lõkacin da ta ke samu daga jan-zafi lawa miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Saboda haka, za mu iya amsa tambaya da aka ƙirƙira kafin - gilashin ko kyandir. Tun da gilashin bayyana shi kadai, miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, shi da aka hada a rayuwar mutum yawa a baya fiye da kyandirori. A farko ƙarau, sami mutumin nan ba m da m, kusan baki. Shi ne ake kira obsidian. Sa'an nan, ba shakka, mutum ya koya don yin gilashi kanta.

A na karni BC, mutane sun riga ya fara discolor gilashin da yin amfani da manganese. Domin yi na glassware amfani musamman shambura a cikin abin da aka nike kashe. Flat wannan nau'i samu da yawa daga baya. A farko m lebur gilashin samu a Pompeii a lokacin tono. A XIII karni suka riga aka sani a Turai. Tun wannan lokacin a Venice gilashin samarwa ne mai tartsatsi ne. kawo sabon Gabas samfurori daga Konstantinoful. A hankali Venice koya ya yi irin gilashi kuma ko da inganta ta nuna gaskiya saboda Bugu da kari na gubar a cikin gami.

All master glassmakers aka sosai nuna godiya, suka ma ba su bar birnin, kuma ga kokarin tserewa sun yi musu barazana da mutuwa. Sa'an nan, domin kauce wa da watsuwar sirrin ciniki, an yanke shawarar canja wurin duk shagunan kan Murano Island, wanda yake kusa da Venice. Glassware daga Murano ne sosai sosai mai daraja a lokacin. Yanzu da jita-jita za a iya gani a daban-daban gidajen tarihi. Glassblowers samar indescribable kyakkyawa vases, wasu kõfuna, zuban da lafiya kayan ado. A waɗannan kwanaki, da gilashin abubuwa sun kasance a alatu abu.

A amfani da gilashi

Sa'an nan mutãne ya ƙirƙira amalgam shafi. Saboda haka akwai wani madubi. Glass ko da amfani a yi, sau da yawa sosai tare da yin amfani da ta gina haikalin. Multi-canza launin stained-gilashi windows da kuma yanzu ƙawata yawa daga gare su. Saboda da ikon na wasu siffofin gilashi to refract haske haskoki, ruwan tabarau masana'antu ya fara, wanda ya zama da amfani a kimiyya. Biology, magani, ilmin taurari - duk da suke bukata a cikin gilashin da ruwan tabarau.

Ƙirƙira kafin - kyandir ko gilashi?

Haka ne, yanzu da m da m tarihi na fitowan da kuma ci gaban da samar da gilashin don bayyana abin da ya taimaka wajen amsa tambaya. Hakika, lalle ne, gilashin ya bayyana a gaban kyandirori, amma ainihin ranar biyu binciken ne ba a sani ba har yanzu. Duk da yake godiya ga irin wannan amfani da abubuwa jawabi ga tsoho Masarawa.